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--- layout: post title: "「科普」怎样判断一家媒体的「立场」与「可信度」?以下这个网站可以帮助你挑选可信的新闻来源" author: 莫道石人一只眼 date: 2020-01-23 tags: [科普, 媒体, 数据分析] from: https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/article/12348 hackmd: W9VyTXUuSO2H-KrSLW_gfA comments: true --- 中共经常指责CNN、BBC为「**反华媒体**」,在品葱上也经常看到有人说「**XX媒体都是一群亲共分子**」。那么,假设我们平时不太看欧美媒体的报道,对西方的媒体生态并不熟悉,那么该如何判断一家媒体的「**立场**」与「**可信度**」,从而获得比较可靠的新闻来源呢? 「ad fontes media」是一家来自于美国的媒体分析公司,其主要产品是「Interactive Media Bias Chart」,一个用于分析美英两国主要媒体立场和可信度的表格。 其研究方法是,把媒体发表文章的政治立场放在「**左->右**」这个坐标轴上,文章本身的内容从「**原始事实报道**」到「**包含不准确及虚构信息**」进行排列: [![](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248im_/https://i.imgur.com/4Tx8zGH.jpg)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/img/aHR0cHM6Ly9pLmltZ3VyLmNvbS80VHg4ekdILmpwZw) 在这张图上,媒体政治立场的「左右」倾向已经一目了然,无需过多解释。而文章本身的性质,在纵轴上从上到下,翻译成中文分别为: **「原始事实报道」**(指没有经过任何加工的事实,比如说直接引用官方声明等 ------ 作者注)\ **「事实报道」**\ **「复杂分析,或事实报道和分析的结合」**\ **「分析」**\ **「观点 / 公正地说服」**(可视作中文语境中的「理性客观」------ 作者注)\ **「带有选择性或不完整事实的故事 / 不公正地说服」**(可视作中文语境中的「强辞夺理」------ 作者注)\ **「宣传 / 包含误导性的信息」**\ **「包含不准确 / 人为制造的信息」**(川普:「Fake News!」) 显然,在纵轴上排越高的媒体,就越接近于新闻的「原始真实」。而排越低的媒体,其报道中观点人为操作的痕迹就越多。 从「原始事实报道」到「复杂分析,或事实报道和分析的结合」这三个层级,都属于比较「理性」的范畴。如果基本事实没有错误,可以认为这些媒体的报道和文章都很少会夹杂私货。这些媒体为了维护自己的「形象」和「公信力」,都一定会做「Fact Checking」,从而加强其报道的可信度。 再往下就是「分析」,「观点 / 公正地说服」和「带有选择性或不完整事实的故事 / 不公正地说服」这两个层级。落在这三个层级的媒体,会有一些或多或少带有作者个人观点的文章出现。所以在阅读这些文章时,需要运用更多的批判性思维进行判断。关于「事实」和「观点」之间的区别,「编程随想」有一篇扫盲文章,建议阅读,我这里不多展开: **批判性思维扫盲:学会区分"事实"与"观点"**\ [https://program-think.blogspot.com/2013/05/difference-between-fact-and-opinion.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/link/aHR0cHM6Ly9wcm9ncmFtLXRoaW5rLmJsb2dzcG90LmNvbS8yMDEzLzA1L2RpZmZlcmVuY2UtYmV0d2Vlbi1mYWN0LWFuZC1vcGluaW9uLmh0bWw) 如果我们再看一下这张图,就会发现呈现一个金字塔形状的结构:一般来说,离「事实报道」越近的媒体,在政治立场上就往往越偏向中立,反之亦然。 如果要查看单个媒体的位置,可以使用以下这个链接的互动式网页: [https://www.adfontesmedia.com/interactive-media-bias-chart/](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/link/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWRmb250ZXNtZWRpYS5jb20vaW50ZXJhY3RpdmUtbWVkaWEtYmlhcy1jaGFydC8) 以下列举一些常见西方媒体的位置: **「著名反华媒体」BBC - 「事实报道」+「复杂分析」,「中立略偏左」** [![](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248im_/https://i.imgur.com/kzC9RAY.png)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/img/aHR0cHM6Ly9pLmltZ3VyLmNvbS9rekM5UkFZLnBuZw) **「著名反华媒体」CNN - 「复杂分析」,「略偏左」** [![](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248im_/https://i.imgur.com/P8MXL30.png)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/img/aHR0cHM6Ly9pLmltZ3VyLmNvbS9QOE1YTDMwLnBuZw) **「著名反华媒体」NYT「纽约时报」 - 「事实报道」+「复杂分析」,「中立略偏左」** [![](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248im_/https://i.imgur.com/zNYpuWb.png)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/img/aHR0cHM6Ly9pLmltZ3VyLmNvbS96TllwdVdiLnBuZw) (有意思的是,中共经常批判的「反华媒体」都是偏左派媒体,那么中共真正的政治立场在哪里就很清楚了) **Reuters「路透社」 - 「事实报道」,「中立」** [![](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248im_/https://i.imgur.com/nVFuj4m.png)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/img/aHR0cHM6Ly9pLmltZ3VyLmNvbS9uVkZ1ajRtLnBuZw) **The Echonomist 「经济学人」 - 「复杂分析」,「中立略偏左」** [![](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248im_/https://i.imgur.com/ad7COuT.png)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/img/aHR0cHM6Ly9pLmltZ3VyLmNvbS9hZDdDT3VULnBuZw) **Financial Times 「金融时报」 - 「复杂分析」,「中立略偏右」** [![](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248im_/https://i.imgur.com/GciqINi.png)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/img/aHR0cHM6Ly9pLmltZ3VyLmNvbS9HY2lxSU5pLnBuZw) **Wall Street Journal 「华尔街日报」 - 「事实报道」+「复杂分析」,「中立略偏右」** [![](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248im_/https://i.imgur.com/Pke9p0r.png)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/img/aHR0cHM6Ly9pLmltZ3VyLmNvbS9Qa2U5cDByLnBuZw) (经川普大统领认证的可信媒体) **Fox News - 「观点 / 公正地说服」,「偏右」** 部分文章掉入了「宣传/包含误导信息」的类别。 [![](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248im_/https://i.imgur.com/45V21A4.png)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200114220248/https://pincong.rocks/url/img/aHR0cHM6Ly9pLmltZ3VyLmNvbS80NVYyMUE0LnBuZw) 这里要说明的一点是,媒体的位置,通过抽选媒体上的多篇文章取平均值获得。因此,如果一家媒体的可信度落在「观点」这一层级,上面的部分文章也有可能会落到下一级,出现「选择性报导」的情况。 那么,如何挑选媒体呢?我个人有以下的几个原则: - **尽量挑选纵轴上排位比较高的媒体,这样比较容易获得离事实真相比较接近的信息。** - **偏左和偏右的媒体都阅读一些,以保持政治立场上的平衡。** - **在同一起新闻事件上阅读多家媒体的报道进行对比。** - **分清「事实报道」「分析」和「观点」的区别。**\ 我个人平时经常使用的媒体组合是:「Reuters」「BBC」「DW News」「The Economist」「Wall Street Journal」「公视新闻」供各位参考。 ###### tags: `科普` `媒体` `数据分析`

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