Josh Hsieh
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    --- title: 在沒有 Container Runtime 的情況下操作 image date: 2025-11-07 13:00:00 categories: - Container tags: - Cloud Native - Kubernetes - Linux code_block_shrink: false --- [![hackmd-github-sync-badge](https://hackmd.io/VgeJlEC9S-SaECo-6gY7gw/badge)](https://hackmd.io/VgeJlEC9S-SaECo-6gY7gw) 在日常的 container 管理工作中,對容器映像檔 (container image) 進行**重新命名 (打 tag)** 或**複製**、**同步 image** 是非常常見的需求。 傳統上,我們會使用 Docker CLI: ```shell! docker pull nginx:latest docker tag nginx:latest registry.example.com/nginx:latest docker push registry.example.com/nginx:latest ``` 但這需要 Docker Daemon、containerd 等 runtime。若在 CI/CD pipeline、air-gapped 環境、minimal base image 之類的沒有 runtime 的地方,這樣的方式就變得不可行了。 為了在這樣的環境中仍能靈活操作 image,我們可以使用三個比較輕量的工具直接操作 image 與 registry: [`skopeo`](https://github.com/containers/skopeo)、[`crane`](https://github.com/google/go-containerregistry/blob/main/cmd/crane/README.md)、[`regctl`](https://github.com/regclient/regclient)。 # 使用場景 ## 重新打 tag 有時候不需要重新上傳整個 image,只想在 registry 裡多一個新 tag。 ```shell! # skopeo skopeo copy docker://registry.example.com/nginx:latest docker://registry.example.com/nginx:stable # crane crane cp nginx:latest registry.example.com/nginx:v1.25.2 # regctl regctl tag put registry.example.com/nginx:latest registry.example.com/nginx:stable ``` 注意其實這邊三種指令的行為**並非等價**的。 `skopeo copy` 會把來源 image 的所有層 (layer) 與 manifest 完整下載,然後再上傳到目標 registry,即便是相同的 registry。 `crane cp` 會先取得來源 image 的 manifest,然後檢查目標 registry 是否已經存在相同的內容。如果 registry 有對應的 blobs,就不會重傳,只會重新上傳 manifest 建立新的 tag。 `regctl tag put` 不會上傳任何 image layer 或 manifest,而是直接使用 [OCI Distribution Specification 中定義的 API](https://github.com/opencontainers/distribution-spec/blob/main/spec.md#pushing-manifests) 為 image 建立一個新的 tag。 ## 列出 image tags 有時候需要快速查看一個 image 所有的 tag ```shell! # skopeo 沒有指令能直接呼叫 # crane crane ls nginx # regctl regctl tag ls nginx ``` ## 複製 image 例如從 Docker Hub 複製一個公開 image 到組織內部 registry。 ```shell! # skopeo skopeo copy docker://nginx:latest docker://registry.example.com/nginx:latest # crane crane copy nginx:latest registry.example.com/nginx:latest # regctl regctl image copy nginx:latest registry.example.com/nginx:latest ``` `skopeo` 會檢查並同步所有 image layer 與設定檔,就算是同一個 registry,它仍會驗證並重新上傳 image。 `crane` 先取得想上傳的 image manifest,如果目標 registry 已有對應 blobs,就不會重傳。像是同個 registry 內執行時,通常只會重新上傳 manifest 不會是整個 image。 `regctl` 完全依照 OCI 標準執行,讀取想上傳的 image manifest,然後檢查目標 registry 是否已有對應資料,並只上傳缺少的部分,最後建立新的 tag 指向 image。 三者都是預設上傳 multi-platform image 的,如果只想上傳特定架構的話,可以加上下面的參數: ```shell! # skopeo skopeo copy --override-arch amd64 docker://nginx:latest docker://registry.example.com/nginx:amd64 # crane crane copy --platform linux/arm64 nginx:latest registry.example.com/nginx:arm64 # regctl regctl image copy --platform linux/amd64 nginx:latest registry.example.com/nginx:amd64 ``` # 小結 無論是 `skopeo`、`crane` 還是 `regctl`,三個工具都能在沒有 container runtime 的情況下操作 image 與 registry,但筆者會希望說能越符合 OCI 標準會越好,所以我會最推薦使用 `regctl`,每個指令都對應到 OCI Distribution Spec 的定義,沒有隱藏邏輯、沒有模糊行為,同時又提供足夠的靈活性來操作 manifest 與 tag。

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