williamchangTW
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    # 2017 q3 Homework1 (作業區) ==contributed by<`williamchangTW`>== ###### tags: `Class_Project`, `Jserv` ### Reviewed by `zhanyangch` * 針對 orig 與 opt 的比較不應只有時間差異,應探討造成此差異的原因,利用 perf 等工具可以協助分析。 * 對 cache 的介紹可以不夠詳盡,可以參考老師提供的 [Computer Architecture](https://hackmd.io/s/H1sZHv4R) [(NOTE)](https://hackmd.io/s/rkloHgHcx) 的 memory 章節。 ### Reviewed by `tina0405` * 縮減 structure 裡的大小後,也可以考慮在其他方面去優化,像資料結構或記憶體的分析方面 * 利用 perf 工具去分析現況 [perf stat 輸出解讀](https://zhengheng.me/2015/11/12/perf-stat/) ## Phonebook ### 建置環境所遇到的問題 - 在這我在使用 perf top 的時候遇到一個問題,花了點時間解決,就是一開始想把權限全打開,預設值是 3 ,我預先執行一段 command line : `gedit /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid` 打開後想直接更換為 -1 ,可是出現 `you do not have the permissions necessary to save the file.Please...` 這一段使我不能更改這個檔案,我試過 `sudo su` 及 `vim` 和 `gksudo` 等方法去試著更改其中的值,最後我使用 [sudo sh -c 'echo -1 > /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid'](https://superuser.com/questions/980632/run-perf-without-root-rights) ,最後是因為覺得跟 kernel 檔案的關係比較大才找到解決辦法。 - 最後做 `cat /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid` 的值確定為 -1 。 ### 還沒有優化前資料 - 再來當我輸入 `perf top` 如下顯示: ![](https://i.imgur.com/lu9u1z9.jpg) - 再來是一開始的 `make plot`:(opt code copy from orig) ![](https://i.imgur.com/Vb8by81.png) - main.c define: ~~~c= #ifdef OPT #define OUT_FILE "opt.txt" #else #define OUT_FILE "orig.txt" #endif ~~~ - 這裡是一種類似於 if ... else 判斷式的定義,依照 #ifdef(+條件定義) 及 #else(+條件定義) #endif結束判斷式。 - 這裡可以看到當有 OPT 這個 headerfile 就定義 **OUT_FILE 生成 "opt.txt" 反之生成 "orig.txt"**。 - 再來看 phonebook_opt.c code,我想從 orig去改 code 所以複製了一份去試試, trace 完後發現一個地方會忘了把 malloc free 。 ~~~c= #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <ctype.h> #include "phonebook_orig.h" /* original version */ entry *findName(char lastName[], entry *pHead) { while (pHead != NULL) { if (strcasecmp(lastName, pHead->lastName) == 0) return pHead; pHead = pHead->pNext; } return NULL; } entry *append(char lastName[], entry *e) { /* allocate memory for the new entry and put lastName */ e->pNext = (entry *) malloc(sizeof(entry)); e = e->pNext; strcpy(e->lastName, lastName); e->pNext = NULL; return e; } ~~~ - 更改完後 ~~~c= entry *append(char lastName[], entry *e) { e->pNext = (entry *) malloc(sizeof(entry)); e = e->pNext; strcpy(e->lastName, lastName); e->pNext = NULL; free(e->pNext); return e; } ~~~ - 再來我朝 **findName go down** 開始,一開始想說在 while loop 中每次都要做**判斷式**,想減少他的 branch times ,因為 branch 是影響效能比重最重的一個 stage,可是想不出怎麼提出到外面解決,後來想說**減少單次判斷所需等待時間著手**。 - 先看 OPT 這個 headerfile ,於是找出 phonebook_opt.h ~~~c= #ifndef _PHONEBOOK_H #define _PHONEBOOK_H #define MAX_LAST_NAME_SIZE 16 /* TODO: After modifying the original version, uncomment the following * line to set OPT properly */ // #define OPT 1 typedef struct __PHONE_BOOK_ENTRY { char lastName[MAX_LAST_NAME_SIZE]; char firstName[16]; char email[16]; char phone[10]; char cell[10]; char addr1[16]; char addr2[16]; char city[16]; char state[2]; char zip[5]; struct __PHONE_BOOK_ENTRY *pNext; } entry; entry *findName(char lastName[], entry *pHead); entry *append(char lastName[], entry *e); #endif ~~~ - 上述**這段冗長的資料要花一點時間去做**,每一次都要花這麼多時間,我決定除了 lastName 留下外其他放到一個新的結構內做需要的時候在搜尋它。其餘不變。 ~~~c= typedef struct __PHONE_BOOK_ENTRY { char lastName[MAX_LAST_NAME_SIZE]; struct __PHONE_BOOK_DET *pDet; struct __PHONE_BOOK_ENTRY *pNext; }entry; typedef struct __PHONE_BOOK_DET { char firstName[16]; char email[16]; char phone[10]; char cell[10]; char addr1[16]; char addr2[16]; char city[16]; char state[2]; char zip[5]; } det; ~~~ ![](https://i.imgur.com/XqusFqh.png) - 很明顯的 find() 時間變短了,而 append() 小幅下降。 - 把註解掉的 OPT 打開。 ~~~c= #define OPT 1 ~~~ ### cache 詳閱 - 首先是為何要有 cache ,從下面這張圖可以明顯地知道,為了填補 cpu ~ main memory 之間的差異,進而需要階層式的 table 來填補速度上的差異和 reduce cpu idle time。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/qHvuFu9.png) - cache 被設計成一個 hash table 內存數組 index address,簡單概述的說 fully associative 不可能實現,因為這樣需要大量的尋找就損失原本的意義。 - direced mapped 也不好用,前幾個區塊常被用到,後面幾個區塊幾乎不用,浪費空間,使用率可能會很差。 - N-way associative & (LRU or Random) implemented. - 把最近常用到的資料放在越靠近 CPU 的 memory 作儲存,這樣在抓取資料時 responds time 較短較有效率。

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