地科培訓筆記
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
      • Invitee
    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Sharing URL Help
Menu
Options
Versions and GitHub Sync Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Owners
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Owners
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
Invitee
Publish Note

Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
Your note is now live.
This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
See published notes
Unpublish note
Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
View profile
Engagement control
Commenting
Permission
Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Enable
Permission
  • Forbidden
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Suggest edit
Permission
Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Enable
Permission
  • Forbidden
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
Emoji Reply
Enable
Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
   owned this note    owned this note      
Published Linked with GitHub
1
Subscribed
  • Any changes
    Be notified of any changes
  • Mention me
    Be notified of mention me
  • Unsubscribe
Subscribe
###### tags: `大氣` # 大氣邊界層 ## 大氣運動的尺度 * 中尺度 Meso(2-2000km 又以$\alpha \beta \gamma$再區分(尺度由大到小),分鐘-小時) * 全球尺度 Global(2500-25000km, above weeks) * 分子尺度 Morecular * 微尺度 Micro(公分-數公里,秒-數分鐘) * 綜觀尺度 Synoptic(1000-5000km, Days) 主要研究:浮力、摩擦力造成空間上有風速風向的變化 ### 自由大氣與邊界大氣 ![](https://i.imgur.com/3HBuJCX.png) U=速度,L=距離,T=時間,$\nu$=雷諾細數 $Re= \frac{\frac{U^2}{L}}{\frac{{\nu } U}{L^2}}$ $U/T=U^2/L$ (慣性力) $\frac{du}{dt}={\nu} *\Delta^2u={\nu } *\frac{U}{L^2}$ (黏滯力) * 低雷諾數(黏滯度高):邊界與風之間受地表黏滯影響,風速遠離邊界後逐漸增加,與地表形成橢圓形 * 尺度分析: * 自由大氣,距離地表遠,不受地表摩擦力影響 * 邊界大氣,距離地表近,受地表摩擦力影響,高度越高速度越快 * 邊界層:接近地表時的風 * 雷諾數:(慣性力除以黏滯力,值大代表接近亂流,值小表示接近層流)平行地表流體加速方向與地表黏滯力平衡 * 高雷諾數(黏滯度低,主要由慣性力驅使):邊界上速度為0,風速遠離邊界速度快速增加,平行風與地表形成梯形 * 黏滯力並非控制天氣系統的主要因素,主要由漩渦發展 ![](https://i.imgur.com/22sk9ic.png) ## 大氣邊界層 ### richardson number \begin{gather*}R_i={{{1 \over g} {{\partial \theta}\over {\partial z}}}\over{}}\end{gather*} * 若$R_i$介於0-0.25,雖然對流不穩定,但因浮力不夠大(無法克服位能障礙)無法完美分層。不太不穩定,但因風切強,可能產生亂流(晴空亂流)。 * 若位溫隨高度變化<0,對流不穩定,$R_i$小於0。 * 若位溫隨高度變化>0,對流穩定,$R_i$大於0.25,混合後可克服大氣翻轉時的位能障礙。 邊界層附近 風切會產生亂流(晴空亂流) ### 交互作用 * 時間尺度:幾小時~天 * 作用力:摩擦力、氣壓梯度力、紊流 ### 主要性質 * 日夜變化:與能量收支有關,夜晚大氣較穩定,邊界層高度較低 > 時間尺度 > diurnal 日夜 > Weekly > Monthly > ISO/MJO Introseasinal osscillation > Seasonal > Annual > Inter Annual > Decade ### 日夜變化邊界層pattern ![](https://i.imgur.com/dUZdRQs.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/d1QtDJk.png) (Wallace and hobb, 2006) #### 時間區分 晚上,邊界層高度低(大氣環境穩定) 白天太陽出來加熱大氣,低層大氣產生亂流(出現混和層),邊界層變厚,高度變高 傍晚,低層大氣出現穩定邊界層,高空一點的地方有白天剩餘的混和層。 #### 高度與位溫區分 * 下方:白天時為絕對不穩定,位溫隨高度上升降低 * 中層:混合層位溫隨高度不變化 ### ABL * 人類活動範圍 * 熱量'水氣、汙染物的傳送混和的區域 * 固態地球、海洋與大氣交互作用的區域 ### 紊流 Eddy or turblence * 邊界層中不穩定的漩渦 #### 風速 * 不規則,幾乎隨機 * 具多重尺度紊流的疊加 * 可以疊加平均的風速表示 * 白天風速普遍較夜晚強 * 白天風速變化比夜間強,因白天有多重尺度的turbulance混合 * 白天溫度變化比夜間強,因紊流混和導致溫度 ## 通量 Flux * 淨輻射$F_{net}$ net radiation e.g. * 可感熱$F_{Hs}$ sensible heat flux 太陽輻射造成的溫度變化 * 潛熱通量$F_{Es}$ latent heat flux (相變凝結過程產生熱,熱量從海洋帶至氣圈) * 地熱通量$F_{Gs}$ ground heat flux ![](https://i.imgur.com/eHBkBqD.png) ### 熱通量平衡 $F_{net}=F_{Hs}+F_{Es}+F_{Gs}$ * 海洋比熱大,$F_{Hs}$小,$F_{Es}$大,海水傳遞潛熱至陸地 ### 近地表輻射平衡 #### 淨輻射=太陽輻射、反射+長波輻射+釋放 * 太陽輻射:日夜變化明顯,夜間=0 * 長波幅射向下日夜變化不明顯,但吸收長波輻射表示此種長波為溫室氣體吸收並輻射有關 * 長波輻射釋放具日夜變化,與地表溫度相關 #### 日夜變化近似 * 白天:~=(1-$\alpha$)*太陽輻射 >$\alpha$=返照率 * 晚上:淨輻射<0,長波向下輻射小於地表輻射 #### 大氣與地表距離約1m間,風速與溫度差異大 ### 環境與日夜變化 * 溫度日夜變化在海洋、大湖不明顯 * 沙漠溫度振幅大 * 植物覆蓋使日夜溫度差距減少 * 濕度和蒸發、凝結、溫度相關 * 和雲量與風速有相關 * 山谷中夜晚山坡散熱,密度增加,空氣向山谷流動,山谷與山坡間形成溫度逆溫層 ### 位溫 * 將氣塊絕熱過程降至1000百帕處的溫度 * 日夜變化位溫 ![](https://i.imgur.com/9xcVQ5Z.png) * 近地表:白天吸熱、晚上散熱 * 混合層:位溫不變 #### 靜力穩定度 * 比較氣塊與環境間的遞減率 * 絕對穩定、條件性不穩定、絕對不穩定 ## 層流與紊流 laminar and turblance * 層流穩定,不易混合,擾動少 * 紊流不穩定,擾動多,易造成大氣混合 * 氣流通過障礙物時,後方會產生紊流 # 斜溫圖 ## 逆溫 台灣地區冷鋒過境,除了有鋒面逆溫,因冷氣團密度較大,趨向沉降,故在鋒面逆溫層上通常有一層沉降逆溫層。 ## 雷達亮帶(bright band) 探空氣球觀測到為0度的地方。 因冰粒墜落過程中逐漸融化,在外層形成一層水層,但被雷達認為是一個大水珠。 雷達反射強度與粒徑6次方正比,因此此區域回波強度極強。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/YbhLnql.png)

Import from clipboard

Paste your markdown or webpage here...

Advanced permission required

Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

This team is disabled

Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

This note is locked

Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

Reach the limit

Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

Import from Gist

Import from Snippet

or

Export to Snippet

Are you sure?

Do you really want to delete this note?
All users will lose their connection.

Create a note from template

Create a note from template

Oops...
This template has been removed or transferred.
Upgrade
All
  • All
  • Team
No template.

Create a template

Upgrade

Delete template

Do you really want to delete this template?
Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

This page need refresh

You have an incompatible client version.
Refresh to update.
New version available!
See releases notes here
Refresh to enjoy new features.
Your user state has changed.
Refresh to load new user state.

Sign in

Forgot password

or

By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
Wallet ( )
Connect another wallet

New to HackMD? Sign up

Help

  • English
  • 中文
  • Français
  • Deutsch
  • 日本語
  • Español
  • Català
  • Ελληνικά
  • Português
  • italiano
  • Türkçe
  • Русский
  • Nederlands
  • hrvatski jezik
  • język polski
  • Українська
  • हिन्दी
  • svenska
  • Esperanto
  • dansk

Documents

Help & Tutorial

How to use Book mode

Slide Example

API Docs

Edit in VSCode

Install browser extension

Contacts

Feedback

Discord

Send us email

Resources

Releases

Pricing

Blog

Policy

Terms

Privacy

Cheatsheet

Syntax Example Reference
# Header Header 基本排版
- Unordered List
  • Unordered List
1. Ordered List
  1. Ordered List
- [ ] Todo List
  • Todo List
> Blockquote
Blockquote
**Bold font** Bold font
*Italics font* Italics font
~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
19^th^ 19th
H~2~O H2O
++Inserted text++ Inserted text
==Marked text== Marked text
[link text](https:// "title") Link
![image alt](https:// "title") Image
`Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
```javascript
var i = 0;
```
var i = 0;
:smile: :smile: Emoji list
{%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
$L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
:::info
This is a alert area.
:::

This is a alert area.

Versions and GitHub Sync
Get Full History Access

  • Edit version name
  • Delete

revision author avatar     named on  

More Less

Note content is identical to the latest version.
Compare
    Choose a version
    No search result
    Version not found
Sign in to link this note to GitHub
Learn more
This note is not linked with GitHub
 

Feedback

Submission failed, please try again

Thanks for your support.

On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

 

Thanks for your feedback

Remove version name

Do you want to remove this version name and description?

Transfer ownership

Transfer to
    Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

      Link with GitHub

      Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
      • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
      • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
      Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

      Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

        Authorize again
       

      Choose which file to push to

      Select repo
      Refresh Authorize more repos
      Select branch
      Select file
      Select branch
      Choose version(s) to push
      • Save a new version and push
      • Choose from existing versions
      Include title and tags
      Available push count

      Pull from GitHub

       
      File from GitHub
      File from HackMD

      GitHub Link Settings

      File linked

      Linked by
      File path
      Last synced branch
      Available push count

      Danger Zone

      Unlink
      You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

      Syncing

      Push failed

      Push successfully