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    # 貝索函數(一) ###### tags: `應用數學三` ## 1. 貝索方程式 在圓柱坐標中,拉普拉斯算子是 $$\nabla^2=\dfrac{1}{\rho}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial\rho}\rho\dfrac{\partial}{\partial\rho}+\dfrac{1}{\rho^2}\dfrac{\partial^2}{\partial\phi^2}+\dfrac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2},\tag{1}$$ 而我們要解拉普拉斯方程 $$\nabla^2\Psi=0\tag{2}$$ 我們採用分離變數法解 (2) 式。假定 $\Psi(\rho,\phi,z)=R(\rho)\Phi(\phi)Z(z)$ 是 (2) 式的解,將它與 (1) 式代入 $$\begin{align}0=\nabla^2\Psi&=\dfrac{1}{\rho}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial\rho}\left[\rho\dfrac{\partial(R\Phi Z)}{\partial\rho}\right]+\dfrac{1}{\rho^2}\dfrac{\partial^2(R\Phi Z)}{\partial\phi^2}+\dfrac{\partial^2(R\Phi Z)}{\partial z^2}\\ &=\dfrac{\Phi Z}{\rho}\dfrac{\text{d}}{\text{d}\rho}\left(\rho\dfrac{\text{d} R}{\text{d}\rho}\right)+\dfrac{RZ}{\rho^2}\dfrac{\text{d}^2\Phi}{\text{d}\phi^2}+R\Phi\dfrac{\text{d}^2 Z}{\text{d}z^2}\end{align}$$ 或 $$0=\dfrac{\nabla^2\Psi}{\Psi}=\frac{\tfrac{1}{\rho}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}\rho}\left(\rho\frac{\text{d} R}{\text{d}\rho}\right)}{R}+\dfrac{\frac{1}{\rho^2}\frac{\text{d}^2\Phi}{\text{d}\phi^2}}{\Phi}+\dfrac{\frac{\text{d}^2 Z}{\text{d}z^2}}{Z}\tag{3}$$ 因為前兩項只是 $\rho$, $\phi$ 的函數,第三項只是 $z$ 的函數,但加起來又等於常數零,令 $z$ 的部分等於 $k^2$,也就是$Z$ 滿足方程式 $$\frac{1}{Z}\frac{\text{d}^2 Z}{\text{d}z^2}=k^2,\tag{4}$$ 解為 $$Z(z)=e^{\pm k z};\tag{5}$$ 令 $\Phi$ 滿足方程式$$\frac{\text{d}^2\Phi}{\text{d}\phi^2}+\nu^2\Phi=0,\tag{6}$$ 解為 $$\Phi(\phi)=e^{\pm i\nu \phi};\tag{7}$$ 將 (4)式、(6) 式代入 (3) 式,得到 $$\begin{align}0&=\frac{\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}\rho}\left(\rho\frac{\text{d} R}{\text{d}\rho}\right)}{R}+\dfrac{-\frac{1}{\rho^2}\nu^2\Phi}{\Phi}+\dfrac{k^2Z}{Z}\\\implies0&=\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}\rho}\left(\rho\frac{\text{d} R}{\text{d}\rho}\right)+\left(k^2-\dfrac{\nu^2}{\rho^2}\right)R\\\implies0&=\frac{1}{k\rho}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}(k\rho)}\left[(k\rho)\frac{\text{d} R}{\text{d}(k\rho)}\right]+\left[1-\dfrac{\nu^2}{(k\rho)^2}\right]R,\end{align}$$ ### 定義1:貝索方程式 令 $x=k\rho$,則 $R(x)=R(k\rho)$ 滿足所謂 ***$\nu$ 階貝索方程式(Bessel equation of order $\nu$)*** $$\boxed{\dfrac{1}{x}\dfrac{\text{d}}{\text{d}x}x\dfrac{\text{d}R(x)}{\text{d}x}+\left(1-\dfrac{\nu^2}{x^2}\right)R(x)=0}。\tag{8}$$ 以下是貝索方程式另一種常見的形式:$$\boxed{x^2\dfrac{\text{d}^2R(x)}{\text{d}x^2}+x\dfrac{\text{d}R(x)}{\text{d}x}+\left(x^2-\nu^2\right)R(x)=0}。\tag{8$'$}$$ ### 性質1:貝索方程式的奇異點 我們採用 ***Frobenius 法(method of Frobenius)*** 求(8) 或 (8’) 式的級數解,它們根據該理論寫成標準形式會是 $$\dfrac{\text{d}^2R(x)}{\text{d}x^2}+\dfrac{1}{x}\dfrac{\text{d}R(x)}{\text{d}x}+\left(1-\dfrac{\nu^2}{x^2}\right)R(x)=0。$$ 因為 $$p(x)\equiv\dfrac{1}{x},\quad q(x)\equiv1-\dfrac{\nu^2}{x^2},$$ 顯然不在 $x=0$ 的鄰域解析,所以 $x=0$ 不是 (8) 或 (8’) 式的常點(ordinary point),但因為 $$(x-0)p(x)=1,\quad(x-0)^2q(x)=x^2-\nu^2$$ 在 $x=0$ 的鄰域解析,所以 $x=0$ 是 (8) 或 (8’) 式的一個***正規奇異點(regular singular point)***,代表是 (8) 或 (8’) 式在 $x=0$ 的去心鄰域中有兩個正規解。 相關理論複習: ![](https://i.imgur.com/Ihlq69x.png) ### *貝索方程式的級數解 在 $x=0$ 附近,:假設級數解 $$R(x)=\sum^\infty_{n=0}a_nx^{n+\alpha}$$ 且 $a_0\neq 0$。將級數解帶入 (8) 式,得到 $$\begin{align}0&=\sum^\infty_{n=0}\left[a_n(n+\alpha)(n+\alpha-1)x^{n+\alpha-2}+a_n(n+\alpha)x^{n+\alpha-2}+\left(1-\dfrac{\nu^2}{x^2}\right)a_nx^{n+\alpha}\right]\\&=\sum^\infty_{n=0}\left[a_n(n+\alpha)^2x^{n+\alpha-2}+\left(1-\dfrac{\nu^2}{x^2}\right)a_nx^{n+\alpha}\right]\\&=\sum^\infty_{n=0}\left\{a_n\left[(n+\alpha)^2-\nu^2\right]x^{n+\alpha-2}+a_nx^{n+\alpha}\right\}\\&=a_0\left(\alpha^2-\nu^2\right)x^{\alpha-2}+a_1\left[(\alpha+1)^2-\nu^2\right]x^{\alpha-1}\\&\hspace{5em}+\sum^\infty_{n=2}\left\{a_n\left[(n+\alpha)^2-\nu^2\right]x^{n+\alpha-2}\right\}+\sum^\infty_{n=0}a_nx^{n+\alpha}\\&=a_0\left(\alpha^2-\nu^2\right)x^{\alpha-2}+a_1\left[(\alpha+1)^2-\nu^2\right]x^{\alpha-1}\\&\hspace{5em}+\sum^\infty_{n=0}\left\{a_{n+2}\left[(n+\alpha+2)^2-\nu^2\right]x^{n+\alpha}+a_nx^{n+\alpha}\right\}。\end{align}$$ $x^{\alpha-2}$ 項係數為零且 $a_0\neq 0$ 給出 $$a_0\left(\alpha^2-\nu^2\right)=0\implies\alpha=\pm\nu,$$ 這就是***指標方程式(indicial equation)***,代入 $x^{\alpha-1}$ 項係數,得到 $$0=a_1\left[(\alpha+1)^2-\nu^2\right]=a_1(2\alpha+1),$$ 需要分兩種情況討論。 1. 如果 $\alpha\neq -\frac{1}{2}$,則 $a_1=0$。然後 $x^{n+\alpha}$ 項係數推得 $$\begin{align}0&=a_{n+2}\left[(n+\alpha+2)^2-\nu^2\right]+a_n\\&=a_{n+2}(n+2)(n+2+2\alpha)+a_n\\\implies a_{n+2}&=-\dfrac{1}{(n+2)(n+2+2\alpha)}a_n,\quad n=0,1,2,3,\ldots\ldots\tag{9}\end{align}$$ 此為 $\nu$ 階貝索方程式在 $x=0$ 附近的級數解(且 $\alpha\neq-\frac{1}{2}$ 時)之係數的遞迴關係。但因 $a_1=0$,故奇數項係數均為零: $a_1=a_3=a_5=\cdots=0$,而且級數解全部由偶數項構成: $$R(x)=a_0x^{\alpha}+a_2x^{\alpha+2}+a_4x^{\alpha+4}+\cdots$$此外,遞迴關係 (9) 可改寫成等價的 $$\boxed{a_{2j}=-\dfrac{1}{4j(j+\alpha)}a_{2j-2}}, \quad j=1,2,3,\ldots\tag{10}$$ 2. 另一方面,$\alpha= -\frac{1}{2}$,則 $a_1\neq0$。然後 $x^{n+\alpha}$ 項係數推得 $$\begin{align}0&=a_{n+2}\left[\left(n-\frac{1}{2}+2\right)^2-\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2\right]+a_n\\&=a_{n+2}(n+1)(n+2)+a_n\\\implies&a_{n+2}=-\dfrac{1}{(n+1)(n+2)}a_n,\quad n=0,1,2,3,\ldots\tag{11}\end{align}$$ 但是 (11) 式的遞迴關係已經包含在 (9) 式了(就是當 $\alpha=-\frac{1}{2}$ 時)。 ### 定義2:第一類貝索函數 使用 $j$ 次遞迴關係 (10),把 $\alpha$ 換回 $\nu$,得到係數 $a_{2j}$ 是$$a_{2j}=\dfrac{(-1)^j\,\Gamma(\nu+1)!}{4^jj!(j+\nu)!}a_0,$$ 對於非整數的 $\nu$,上式的階乘 $(j+\nu)!$ 應改用 $\Gamma(j+\nu+1)$,其中 $\Gamma$ 是 [$\Gamma$ 函數]()。另外還有我們通常用 $a_0=\left[2^\nu\Gamma(\nu+1)\right]^{-1}$ 來使解歸一化,這讓係數 $a_{2j}$ 的一般式成為 $$a_{2j}=\dfrac{(-1)^j}{j!(j+\nu)!}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^{\nu+2j},$$ 所以 (8) 式的解就是$$\boxed{J_\nu(x)=\sum^\infty_{j=0}\dfrac{(-1)^j}{j!\,\Gamma(j+\nu+1)}\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right)^{\nu+2j}},\tag{12}$$ 這叫做 ***$\nu$ 階第一類貝索函數(Bessel function of the first kind of order $\nu$)***。 ### 性質2:解的獨立性 - 如果 ==$\nu$ 不為整數==,依據 Frobenius 法的理論, $J_{\nu}(x)$ 會與 $$J_{-\nu}(x)=\sum^\infty_{j=0}\dfrac{(-1)^j}{j!\,\Gamma(j-\nu+1)}\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right)^{-\nu+2j}\tag{12$'$}$$ 線性獨立,可以構成貝索方程式 (8) 的一個基本解集,也就是說,(8) 式在 $x>0$ 的通解可以寫成 $$R(x)=c_1J_{\nu}(x)+c_2J_{-\nu}(x),$$ 在 $x<0$ 的通解則要用 $|x|$ 代換 (12)、(12') 式的 $x$。 - 反之,若 ==$\nu$ 是整數==,可證明 $J_{\nu}(x)$ 與 $J_{-\nu}(x)$ 之間滿足如下關係:$$\boxed{J_{\nu}(x)=(-1)^\nu J_{-\nu}(x)},$$ 於是兩函數之間已不滿足線性獨立條件。為尋找在此情況下微分方程式與 $J_{\nu}(x)$ 線性獨立的另一解,需要定義***第二類貝索函數***,定義過程將在後面的小節中給出。 ## 2. 生成函數與圍線積分 ### 性質1:生成函數 考慮函數 $f(x,t)=e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}$ 對複數 $t$ 的泰勒展開式,我們發現 $$\require{color}\begin{align}e^{\frac{x}{2}t}e^{-\frac{x}{2}\frac{1}{t}}&=\left[\sum^\infty_{j=0}\dfrac{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^jt^j}{j!}\right]\left[\sum^\infty_{k=0}\dfrac{\left(-\frac{x}{2}\right)^kt^-{k}}{k!}\right]\\&=\sum^\infty_{j=0}\sum^\infty_{k=0}\dfrac{(-1)^k\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{j\color{red}-k+2k}}{\left(j\color{red}-k+k \right)!k!}t^{j-k}\\&=\sum^\infty_{\color{blue}n=-k}\sum^\infty_{k=0}\dfrac{(-1)^k\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{\left.\color{blue}n\right.+2k}}{(\left.\color{blue}n\right.+k )!k!}t^{\color{blue}n}\\&=\sum^\infty_{n=-\infty} \sum^\infty_{k=0}\dfrac{(-1)^k\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{n+2k}}{(n+k )!k!}t^{n};\end{align}$$ 其中第三個等號我們令 $\color{blue}n=j-k$,因 $j=0,1,2,\ldots$,故 $n=-k,-k+1,-k+2,\ldots$;第四個等號我們把求和起點延伸到 $-\infty$ 因為當 $n<-k$ 時,$\frac{1}{(n+k)!}=0$。將上面的結果與 (12) 式比較,發現 $$\boxed{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}=\sum^\infty_{n=-\infty}J_n(x)t^n},\tag{13}$$ 這說明了 $f(x,t)$ 是 $J_n(x)$ 的生成函數,儘管這裡的 $n$ 只能代表整數。 ### 定義1:圍線積分表示 由 (13) 式,只要圍線 $\Gamma$ 只環繞原點而不環繞其他奇異點,當然就可寫出 $$J_n(x)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_\Gamma\frac{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}}{t^{n+1}}\text{d}t。$$ 進一步言,如果從整數 $n$ 拓展成任意實數 $\nu$,我們希望可以「找出適當的圍線 $C$ 做積分」,使得 (12) 式定義的 $\nu$ 階第一類貝索函數滿足 $$\boxed{J_\nu(x)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_C\frac{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}}{t^{\nu+1}}\text{d}t}。\tag{14}$$ #### 證明 將 (14) 式代入貝索方程式( (8) 式):$$\require{cancel}\begin{align}&\dfrac{1}{x}\dfrac{\text{d}}{\text{d} x}x\dfrac{\text{d} J_\nu(x)}{\text{d} x}+\left(1-\dfrac{\nu^2}{x^2}\right)J_\nu(x)\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_C\left[\left(\small\dfrac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}+\dfrac{1}{x}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x}+1-\dfrac{\nu^2}{x^2}\right)\frac{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}}{t^{\nu+1}}\right]\text{d}t\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_C\left\{\left[\small\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{2x}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)+1-\dfrac{\nu^2}{x^2}\right]\frac{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}}{t^{\nu+1}}\right\}\text{d}t\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2\pi i\color{blue}x^2}\oint_C\left\{\left[\small\left(\dfrac{\color{blue}x}{2}\right)^2\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)^2+\dfrac{\color{blue}x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)+\left.\color{blue}x^2\right.-\left.\color{blue}\nu^2\right.\right]\frac{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}}{t^{\nu+1}}\right\}\text{d}t\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2\pi ix^2}\oint_C\left\{t^{-\nu-1}\left[\small\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right)^2\left(t\left.\color{red}+\right.\frac{1}{t}\right)^2+\dfrac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)+\left.\color{red}\cancel{x^2}\right.-\nu^2\right]e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}\right\}\text{d}t\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2\pi ix^2}\oint_C\left\{t^{-\nu-1}\left[\small\left.\color{olive}t^2\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right)^2\left(1+\frac{1}{t^2}\right)^2+t\dfrac{x}{2}\left(1-\frac{1}{t^2}\right)\right.-\nu^2\right]\color{olive}e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}\right\}\text{d}t\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2\pi ix^2}\oint_C\left\{t^{-\nu-1}\left[\small\left.\color{olive}\left(t\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\right)^2\right.-\nu^2\right]\color{olive}e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}\right\}\text{d}t\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2\pi ix^2}\oint_C\left\{t^{-\nu}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\left[t\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}\right]-e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}t\dfrac{\partial t^{-\nu}}{\partial t}\right\}\text{d}t\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2\pi ix^2}\oint_C\left\{\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\left[ t\dfrac{\partial\, e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}}{\partial t}t^{-\nu}\right]-\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\left[ e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}t\dfrac{\partial t^{-\nu}}{\partial t}\right]\right\}\text{d}t\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2\pi ix^2}\oint_C\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\left\{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}t^{-\nu}\left[\frac{x}{2}\left(t+\frac{1}{t}\right)-(-\nu)\right]\right\}\text{d}t\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2\pi ix^2}\oint_C\text{d}\left\{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}t^{-\nu}\left[\frac{x}{2}\left(t+\frac{1}{t}\right)+\nu\right]\right\},\end{align}$$ 如果上式最後的圍線積分為零,就滿足貝索方程式了。但因被積函數中有 $t^{-\nu}$ 項,為多值函數,需要一恰當的分枝切割(branch cut)才能保證被積函數沿積分路徑繞分枝點 $t=0$ 走一圈之後會回復到原本的值。當 $\nu$ 不是整數時,我們選負實軸為分枝切割並使用下面畫的圍線 $C$: ![](https://i.imgur.com/wtvpyig.png) 而且因為在 $t\to-\infty$ 處 $e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}\to0$。圍線只要夠貼近分枝切割,都滿足這個近似條件,所以我們可以用這種延伸到無窮遠的圍線。 然後在變數變換 $\color{orangered}s=\frac{xt}{2}$ 下,有 $\color{orangered}\text{d}t=\frac{2}{x}\text{d}s$ 和 $\color{purple}\frac{x}{2}\left(t\pm\frac{1}{t}\right)=s\pm\frac{x}{2}\frac{x}{2s}=s\pm\frac{x^2}{4s}$,於是$$\begin{align}&\oint_C\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\left\{e^{\color{purple}\frac{x}{2}\left(t-\frac{1}{t}\right)}\left.\color{orangered}t^{-\nu}\right.\left[\left.\color{purple}\frac{x}{2}\left(t+\frac{1}{t}\right)\right.+\nu\right]\right\}\text{d}\color{orangered}t\\ &=\left.\color{orangered}\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right)^\nu\right.\oint_C\dfrac{\partial}{\partial \color{orangered}s}\left\{e^{\color{purple}s-\frac{x^2}{4s}}\left.\color{orangered}s^{-\nu}\right.\left(\left.\color{purple}s+\frac{x^2}{4s}\right.+\nu\right)\right\}\text{d}\color{orangered}s\\ &=\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right)^\nu\lim_{\rho\to\infty}\left[e^{s-\frac{x^2}{4s}}s^{-\nu}\left(s+\frac{x^2}{4s}+\nu\right)\right]^{s=\rho e^{i\pi}}_{s=\rho e^{-i\pi}}\\&=0\end{align}$$ 上式的極限中 $e^{s-\frac{x^2}{4s}}$ 佔主導地位,在 $s\to-\infty$ 時趨近於零,故整項都趨近於零。 因此我們證明了圍線積分 (14) 式滿足貝索方程式,所以 (14) 式可以作為貝索函數的定義之一。 ### 性質2:圍線積分表示在原點附近的行為 一樣把變數變換 $s=\frac{xt}{2}$ 用於 (14) 式,我們有 $$J_\nu(x)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\left.\color{orangered}\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right)^\nu\right.\oint_C\frac{e^{\color{purple}s-\frac{x^2}{4s}}}{\color{orangered}s^{\nu+1}}\text{d}\color{orangered}s\color{black}\to\frac{1}{2\pi i}\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right)^\nu\oint_C\frac{e^{s}}{s^{\nu+1}}\text{d}s$$ 在負實數軸下緣的圍線上,可令 $s=\rho e^{i\pi}$,$\rho$ 應從 $-\infty$ 積到 $0$,另外有 $\text{d}\text{s}=-\text{d}\rho$、$e^s=e^{-\rho}$、$s^{-(\nu+1)}=\rho^{-(\nu+1)}e^{-\pi i(\nu+1)}$ $$\begin{align}&\quad\frac{1}{2\pi i}\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right)^\nu\left[\int_{-\infty}^0\frac{e^{-\rho}}{\rho^{\nu+1}}e^{-\pi i(\nu+1)}\text{d}\rho\right]\\&=\end{align}$$ ## 3. ### 定義1:第三類貝索函數 我們定義 $$\boxed{H^{(1)}_\nu(x)\equiv\dfrac{1}{\pi i}\int^{\infty e^{i\pi}}_0\dfrac{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(z-\frac{1}{z}\right)}}{z^{\nu+1}}\text{d}z}$$ 和 $$\boxed{H^{(2)}_\nu(x)\equiv\dfrac{1}{\pi i}\int_{\infty e^{-i\pi}}^0\dfrac{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(z-\frac{1}{z}\right)}}{z^{\nu+1}}\text{d}z}$$ 又稱漢克爾函數(Hankel function) - $H^{(1)}_\nu$ 在 $z=+i$ 有鞍點,$H^{(2)}_\nu$ 在 $z=-i$ 有鞍點。合併得出 $$\dfrac{1}{2}\left[H^{(1)}_\nu(x)+H^{(2)}_\nu(x)\right]=\dfrac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{\infty e^{-i\pi}}^{\infty e^{i\pi}}\dfrac{e^{\frac{x}{2}\left(z-\frac{1}{z}\right)}}{z^{\nu+1}}\text{d}z=J_\nu(x)$$ - 負$$H^{(1)}_\nu(x)=e^{-i\nu\pi}H^{(1)}_{-\nu}(x)$$ 證明 : $$\begin{align}H^{(1)}_\nu(x)&=\dfrac{1}{\pi i}\int^{\color{blue}\frac{e^{i\pi}}{z}\color{black}=\infty e^{i\pi}}_{\color{blue}\frac{e^{i\pi}}{z}\color{black}=0}\dfrac{\exp\left[\frac{x}{2}\left(\color{blue}\frac{e^{i\pi}}{z}\color{black}-\color{blue}\frac{z}{e^{i\pi}}\right)\right]}{\left(\color{blue}\frac{e^{i\pi}}{z}\right)^{\nu+1}}\text{d}\left(\color{blue}\frac{e^{i\pi}}{z}\right)\\ &=\dfrac{1}{\pi i}\int^{\color{blue}z\color{black}=0 }_{\color{blue}z\color{black}=\infty e^{i\pi}}\dfrac{\exp\left[\frac{x}{2}\left(\color{blue}-\frac{1}{z}\color{black}+\color{blue}z\right)\right]}{\left(\color{blue}e^{i\pi}\right)^{\nu+1}\left.\color{blue}z\right.^{-\nu-1}}\left(\color{blue}-\frac{e^{i\pi}}{z^2}\right)\text{d}z\\ &=\dfrac{1}{\pi i}\int_{\color{blue}z\color{black}=0 }^{\color{blue}z\color{black}=\infty e^{i\pi}}\dfrac{\exp\left[\frac{x}{2}\left(\color{blue}-\frac{1}{z}\color{black}+ \color{blue}z\right)\right]}{\left.\color{blue}z\right.^{-\nu\color{blue}+1}}\left(\color{blue}e^{i\pi}\right)^{-\nu}\text{d}z\\ &=\left(e^{i\pi}\right)^{-\nu}\dfrac{1}{\pi i}\int_{0}^{\infty e^{i\pi}}\dfrac{\exp^{\frac{x}{2}\left( z-\frac{1}{z}\right)}}{z^{\color{red}-\nu\color{black}+1}}\text{d}z\\&=e^{-i\nu\pi}H^{(1)}_{\color{red}-\nu}(x)\end{align}$$ $J_{\nu}(x)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left[H^{(1)}_\nu(x)+H^{(2)}_\nu(x)\right]$ $J_{-\nu}(x)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left[e^{i\nu\pi}H^{(1)}_\nu(x)+e^{-i\nu\pi}H^{(2)}_\nu(x)\right]$ 結合為一個矩陣方程式 $$\begin{pmatrix}1&1\\e^{i\nu\pi}&e^{-i\nu\pi}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}H^{(1)}_\nu(x)\\H^{(2)}_\nu(x)\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2J_\nu(x)\\2J_{-\nu}(x)\end{pmatrix}$$ 這給出 $$H^{(1)}_\nu(x)=\dfrac{\begin{vmatrix}2J_\nu(x)&1\\2J_{-\nu}(x)&e^{-i\nu\pi}\end{vmatrix}}{\begin{vmatrix}1&1\\e^{i\nu\pi}&e^{-i\nu\pi}\end{vmatrix}}=\dfrac{2\left[J_\nu(x)e^{-i\nu\pi}-J_{-\nu}(x)\right]}{e^{-i\nu\pi}-e^{i\nu\pi}}=\dfrac{J_\nu(x)e^{-i\nu\pi}-J_{-\nu}(x)}{-i\sin(\nu\pi)}$$ 和 $$H^{(2)}_\nu(x)=\dfrac{\begin{vmatrix}1&2J_\nu(x)\\e^{i\nu\pi}&2J_{-\nu}(x)\end{vmatrix}}{\begin{vmatrix}1&1\\e^{i\nu\pi}&e^{-i\nu\pi}\end{vmatrix}}=\dfrac{2\left[J_{-\nu}(x)-J_\nu(x)e^{i\nu\pi}\right]}{e^{-i\nu\pi}-e^{i\nu\pi}}=\dfrac{J_\nu(x)e^{i\nu\pi}-J_{-\nu}(x)}{i\sin(\nu\pi)}$$ ### 定義2:第二類貝索函數 諾伊曼函數(Neumann function) 我們定義 $$N_\nu(x)\equiv\frac{1}{2i}\left[H^{(1)}_\nu(x)-H^{(2)}_\nu(x)\right]$$ $H^{(1)}_\nu(x)=J_\nu(x)+iN_\nu(x)$ $H^{(2)}_\nu(x)=J_\nu(x)-iN_\nu(x)$ $N_\nu(x)=\dfrac{J_\nu(x)\cos(\nu\pi)-J_{-\nu}(x)}{\sin(\nu\pi)}$

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