Importing a shared library

tags: book

ctypes

The ctypes library is part of the Python standard libary and provides convenient access to C compatible data types and loading of shared libraries. C datatypes like c_int, c_double, c_long etc. are supported and libraries are loaded with CDLL. A simple example on the use of ctypes was given in the Introduction.

Working with NumPy arrays

The most convenient way to work with arrays is through numpy.ctypeslib. In particular, it includes the functions as_array, which converts a C array to a NumPy ndarray, and as_ctypes, which converts an ndarray to a C array. Here is an example passing a NumPy array to a Fortran subroutine that sums the column values:

from ctypes import CDLL, byref, c_int
import numpy as np
from numpy.ctypeslib import as_ctypes, as_array

lib = CDLL("mod_sum.so")

a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]], dtype=np.float64)
sum_col = np.empty(a.shape[1], dtype=np.float64)
c_a = as_ctypes(a)
c_n_r_a = c_int(a.shape[0])
c_n_c_a = c_int(a.shape[1])
c_sum_col = as_ctypes(sum_col)
lib.sum_columns(byref(c_a), c_n_r_a, c_n_c_a, byref(c_sum_col))
print(sum_col)
> array([2., 4., 6.])

Note the explicit declaration of the datatypes for the Numpy arrays which avoids NumPy guessing the type from the input values. In accordance with C standard, arrays need to be passed by reference rather than by value. That is handled by the byref funciton of ctypes. Here is the underlying Fortran module:

module mod_sum
  use, intrinsic :: iso_c_binding, only: c_double, c_int
  implicit none

  contains
    subroutine sum_columns(a, n_r_a, n_c_a, sum_col) bind(c)
      real(c_double), intent(in) :: a(n_c_a,n_r_a)
      integer(c_int), value, intent(in) :: n_c_a, n_r_a
      real(c_double) :: sum_col(n_c_a)
      sum_col = sum(a, 2)
    end subroutine sum_columns

end module mod_sum

Derived types

ctypes interfaces with C structs via Python classes that subclass ctypes.Structure. In this example we create two two-dimensional points and pass them to the function add_points which sums the x and y components:

from ctypes import CDLL, byref, c_double, Structure

class Point(Structure):
    _fields_ = [("x", c_double),
                ("y", c_double)]

lib = CDLL("mod_point.so")
lib.add_points.restype = Point
a = Point(c_double(1.1), c_double(1.5))
b = Point(c_double(2.4), c_double(5.3))
c = lib.add_points(byref(a), byref(b))
print(c.x, c.y)
3.5 6.8

Notice that we needed to specify Point as the the return type of the function with the .restype attribute. Here is the Fortran module:

module mod_point
  use, intrinsic :: iso_c_binding, only: c_double
  implicit none

  type, bind(c) :: Point
    real(c_double) :: x
    real(c_double) :: y
  end type Point

  contains
    type(Point) function add_points(a, b) bind(c)
      type(Point), intent(in) :: a, b
      add_points % x = a % x + b % x
      add_points % y = a % y + b % y
      print *, add_points % x
    end function add_points

end module mod_point

cffi

cffi is a C Foreign Function Interface for Python. It is more flexible than ctypes when writing more complex interfaces. Here is an example using the mod_sum.so shared library given above:

>>> import cffi
>>> import numpy as np
>>> from numpy.ctypeslib import as_array
>>> ffi = cffi.FFI()
>>> lib = ffi.dlopen("mod_sum.so")
>>> ffi.cdef("void sum_columns(double *a, int n_r_a, int n_c_a, double *b);")
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]], dtype=np.float64)
>>> sum_col = np.empty(a.shape[1], dtype=np.float64)
>>> c_a = ffi.cast("double *", a.ctypes.data)
>>> c_n_r_a = ffi.cast("int", a.shape[0])
>>> c_n_c_a = ffi.cast("int", a.shape[1])
>>> c_sum_col = ffi.cast("double *", sum_col.ctypes.data)
>>> lib.sum_columns(c_a, c_n_r_a, c_n_c_a, c_sum_col)
>>> print(sum_col)
array([2., 4., 6.])

First, a FFI object is created to handle all the interactions with the library. The library is opened with FFF.dlopen. One key difference between ctypes and cffi concerns the need to include C declarations using cdef. This method takes a C code string as it would be given in a C header file. In fact, if you already have a header file with the following contents,

void sum_columns(double *a, int n_r_a, int n_c_a, double *b);

it can be conveniently fed directly into cdef:

with open("mod_sum.h") as f:
    ffi.cdef(f.read())

Another difference is that FFI.cast is used to cast Python types as C types. The first argument to cast is a C code string describing the type. Pointers are described by using the <type> * syntax, and there is therefore no need for a separate byref function as in ctypes.

The pycparser module used to read the header file has some limitations, headers using #define or #ifdef preprocessor logic cannot be parsed directly and have to be preprocessed manually first.

Working with NumPy arrays

A NumPy array can be converted to a C array in two different ways:

c_array = ffi.cast("double *", a.ctypes.data)
c_array = ffi.from_buffer("double *", a)

Converting a C array to a NumPy array is a bit more involved than with ctypes and is done in two steps.

>>> n_elements = a.size
>>> size_element = ffi.sizeof(c_a)
>>> size = n_elements * size_element
>>> buffer = ffi.buffer(c_a, size=size)
>>> array = np.frombuffer(buffer, dtype=np.float64)
>>> array = array.reshape(a.shape)
>>> array 
array([[1., 2., 3.],
       [1., 2., 3.]])

First you create a buffer with FFI.buffer and then you read that buffer with numpy.frombuffer. Note that you need knowledge of the array shape to (1) calculate the size of the buffer, and (2) reshape the final NumPy array. This procedure is a bit cumbersome to write everytime it would be needed and is better made into a function.

Derived types

A derived type is declared with cdef in the usual C way. Here an example for the Point struct above:

>>> import cffi
>>> 
>>> ffi = cffi.FFI()
>>> lib = ffi.dlopen("mod_point.so")
>>> ffi.cdef("""\
>>> typedef struct Point{
>>>   double x;
>>>   double y;
>>> } Point;\
>>> """)
>>> ffi.cdef("Point add_points(Point *a, Point *b);")
>>> c_point_a = ffi.new("Point *", [ffi.cast("double", 1.1), ffi.cast("double", 1.5)])
>>> c_point_b = ffi.new("Point *", [ffi.cast("double", 2.4), ffi.cast("double", 5.3)])
>>> c_point_c = lib.add_points(c_point_a, c_point_b)
>>> c_point_c
<cdata 'Point' owning 16 bytes>
>>> c_point_c.x
3.5
>>> c_point_c.y
6.8

In this example we are able to work directly with the resulting C Point object, but for more complicated use cases we should construct a wrapper class in Python:

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x=None, y=None):
        if x is not None and y is not None:
            self._c_point = ffi.new("Point *", [ffi.cast("double", x), ffi.cast("double", y)])
    
    @classmethod
    def from_c_point(cls, c_point):
        point = Point(float(c_point.x), float(c_point.y))
        point._c_point = c_point
        return point
    
    @property
    def x(self):
        return float(self._c_point.x)
    
    @property
    def y(self):
        return float(self._c_point.y)        

We can now wrap our C Point as a Python Point:

>>> point_c = Point.from_c_point(c_point_c)
>>> point_c.x
3.5
>>> point_c.y
6.8

Derived types, which cannot be made intercompatible with bind(C) attribute, can still be made accessible as opaque data pointer in Python.

module mod_alloc
  use, intrinsic :: iso_c_binding
  implicit none

  type :: container
    real(c_double), allocatable :: val(:)
  end type container
  
contains

  function new_container(n, val) result(vptr) bind(C)
    integer(c_int), value, intent(in) :: n
    real(c_double), intent(in) :: val(n)
    type(c_ptr) :: vptr
    type(container), pointer :: cont

    allocate(cont)
    cont%val = val(:n)
    vptr = c_loc(cont)
  end function new_container

  subroutine delete_container(vptr) bind(C)
    type(c_ptr), value, intent(in) :: vptr
    type(container), pointer :: cont

    call c_f_pointer(vptr, cont)
    deallocate(cont)
  end subroutine delete_container
  
  function get_sum(vptr) result(sum_val) bind(C)
    type(c_ptr), value, intent(in) :: vptr
    real(c_double) :: sum_val
    type(container), pointer :: cont

    call c_f_pointer(vptr, cont)
    sum_val = sum(cont%val)
  end function get_sum

end module mod_alloc

Which we can use in Python as

>>> import cffi
>>> ffi = cffi.FFI()
>>> lib = ffi.dlopen("mod_alloc.so")
>>> ffi.cdef("""\
... typedef struct _container* container;
... extern container new_container(int, double*);
... extern void delete_container(container);
... extern double get_sum(container);""")
>>> val = [3.0, 4.0, 5.0]
>>> cont = lib.new_container(len(val), val)
>>> lib.get_sum(cont)
12.0
>>> lib.delete_container(cont)

The typedef declares an opaque pointer to the Fortran data. While we cannot directly interact with the content of the container in Python anymore, it allows to export almost any data type available in Fortran. This can become especially useful to make class polymorphic objects with a well-defined API available in Python.

Since we are using pointer attributes on the library side, we have to explicitly free the memory after we are done with the data. To create a more pythonic way to work with the container we would wrap it in a class which takes care of the details of the memory management

class Container:
    _cont = ffi.NULL
    def __enter__(self, val: List[float]):
        self._cont = lib.new_container(len(val), val)
        return self
    def __exit__(self):
        lib.delete_container(self._cont)
    def sum(self):
        lib.get_sum(self._cont)

This class allows us to use our object in a with context

>>> with Container([3.0, 4.0, 5.0]) as cont:
...     cont.sum()
12.0

Garbage collection

Resources allocated in the library have to be freed explicitly in the library as well. The cffi module provides a garbage collection mechanism to automatically associate a deconstructor with an object.

cont = ffi.gc(lib.new_container(len(val), val), lib.delete_container)

We can now simply use the object like any other Python object and rely on the garbage collector to free the memory allocation.

Different cffi modes

Here we have been using cffi in the ABI mode by accessing the library at the binary level. In the API mode, we would instead have compiled C code to handle the access for us. We're also using the in-line mode, where everything is set up every time the Python code is imported, rather than the out-of-line mode, where a separate module is set up once and then can be imported. These differences are important for optimizing performance when building and packaging applications. More about that in […].

Combining with setuptools

The cffi out-of-line API builder can be readily combined with setuptools. The ffibuilder is defined in a separate build.py script and can be added with

from setuptools import setup
setup(
  cffi_modules=["build.py:ffibuilder"],
)

The build.py script is used to define out-of-line API mode for cffi. A simple FFI builder is given here

"""FFI builder module for usage from setup.py."""
import cffi

ffibuilder = cffi.FFI()
ffibuilder.set_source(
    "mylib._mylib",
    '#include "mylib.h"',
    libraries=["mylib"],
)
with open("mylib.h") as fd:
    ffibuilder.cdef(fd.read())

if __name__ == "__main__":
    ffibuilder.distutils_extension(".")

Running the script outside of setup creates the C source code of the extension module and allows in principle to compile it yourself. However, it is easier to let setuptools take care of compiling and linking against your Python installation.

Finding a library with pkg-config

The pkg-conf dependency is a frequently used format to describe how to build against an existing project. The pc-file format is supported in Python with the pkgconfig module which allows us to easily import any library. The pkgconfig package will be a setup_requires dependency in our setup.py or pyproject.toml. A usual pc-file looks like this

prefix=/usr
libdir=${prefix}/lib
includedir=${prefix}/include

Name: mylib
Description: My fancy library
Version: 1.0.0
Libs: -L${libdir} -lmylib
Cflags: -I${includedir}

The pc-file contains the information required to compile and link our library from any other project. This information can be readily used in our FFI builder.

"""
FFI builder module with automatic library detection via pkgconfig.
"""

import os
import cffi
import subprocess
import pkgconfig

if not pkgconfig.exists("mylib"):
    raise Exception("Unable to find pkg-config package 'mylib'")

kwargs = pkgconfig.parse("mylib")
cc = os.environ["CC"] if "CC" in os.environ else "cc"

cflags = pkgconfig.cflags("mylib").split()

module_name = "mylib._mylib"

p = subprocess.Popen(
    [cc, *cflags, "-E", "-"],
    stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
    stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
    stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
)
out, err = p.communicate(b'#include "mylib.h"')
cdefs = out.decode()

ffibuilder = cffi.FFI()
ffibuilder.set_source(module_name, '#include "mylib.h"', **kwargs)
ffibuilder.cdef(cdefs)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    ffibuilder.distutils_extension(".")

We also added a step here to preprocess the header file in case it contains #define or #include preprocessor which cannot be handled by the pycparser module.

Cython

Cython is a Python extension that can compile Python code as faster C code, but it also has capabilities for loading shared libraries. Getting a working Cython interface isn't as easy as with ctypes or cffi, but it can be used to build Python modules automatically with setuptools as we will investigate in the Building with setuptools chapter. To use Cython to load the shared library, we first need three files:

1. A .pxd Cython declaration file
2. A .pyx Cython source file
3. A .h C declaration file

Importantly, the .pxd and .pyx files need to have different names and be in the same directory. The .pxd file resembles the C header file and contains declarations for the code that you want to access.

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons

• The image file may be corrupted
• The server hosting the image is unavailable
• The image path is incorrect
• The image format is not supported

Learn More →

The .pxd and .pyx files should have different names

# file: c_mod_sum.pxd
cdef extern from "mod_sum.h":
    void sum_columns(double *a, int n_r_a, int n_c_a, double *sum_col)

// file: mod_sum.h
void sum_columns(double *a, int n_r_a, int n_c_a, double *b);

Then we write the .pyx Cython source file that exposes a Python function:

# file: mod_sum.pyx
cimport c_mod_sum
import numpy as np

def sum_columns(double [:, :] a):
    sum_col = np.empty(a.shape[1], dtype=np.float64)
    cdef double [:] c_sum_col = sum_col
    cdef int c_n_a_r = a.shape[0]
    cdef int c_n_a_c = a.shape[1]

    c_mod_sum.sum_columns(&a[0, 0], c_n_a_r, c_n_a_c, &c_sum_col[0])
    return sum_col

The syntax of Cython is very close to Python. cimport is used to import the .pxd file and cdef is used to define C variables. The & operator is used to pass varibles by reference, and will be discussed more below.

Building the Cython module

The next step is to build a Python module, and for that we will create a setup.py file:

# file: setup.py
from setuptools import setup, Extension
from Cython.Build import cythonize

setup(
    name='Test Cython',
    ext_modules = cythonize([
        Extension("py_mod_sum", ["mod_sum.pyx"],
                  libraries=["mod_sum"],
                  library_dirs=["."],)
        ]),
    zip_safe=False)

This tells setuptools to create a C extension module with the name py_mod_sum from the Cython source file mod_sum.pyx. The mod_sum library is used and setuptools will search for it in the regular paths as well as the directories in library_dirs. Here we direct setuptools to look for the library in the current directory (the same as were setup.py is). We now need to make sure that our shared library file is called libmod_sum.so as the install process will automatically prepend "lib" to the name when searching. We then build the module with:

python setup.py build_ext --inplace

That generates a file in the current directory with the name py_mod_sum.cpython-39-darwin.so or similar, depending on operating system and version of Python. We can now import this file as a module directly into Python and use it:

>>> from py_mod_sum import sum_columns
>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]])
>>> sum_columns(a)
array([2., 4., 6.])

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons

• The image file may be corrupted
• The server hosting the image is unavailable
• The image path is incorrect
• The image format is not supported

Learn More →

Copying the shared library to a new filename might not work as expected. For example, on MacOS, the install_name property will still correspond to the original name and need to be changed with the install_name_tool command line tool. To be sure that everything will work as intended, build the shared library with the correct filename from the start.

Working with NumPy arrays

The recommended way of working with NumPy arrays in Cython is through memory views. A memory view is created via the following syntax:

# Create a memory view of a 1D array
cdef double [:] view_1d = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], dtype=np.float64)
# Create a memory view of a 2D array
cdef double [:, :] view_2d = np.array([[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], dtype=np.float64)

As usual, arrays should be passed to C function by reference. In Cython this is achieved by using the & operator and the giving first element in the array:

c_mod_sum.sum_columns(&a[0, 0], c_n_a_r, c_n_a_c, &c_sum_col[0])

There are many more details on working with NumPy arrays in the Cython documentation.

Derived types

Starting from our point example, we write the .pxd file:

# file: c_mod_point.pxd
cdef extern from "mod_point.h":
    ctypedef struct Point:
        double x
        double y

    cdef Point add_points(Point *a, Point*b)

which closely mirrors our C header file:

// file: mod_point.h
typedef struct Point{
  double x;
  double y;
} Point;

Point add_points(Point *a, Point *b);

To work with the C point struct in Python, we construct a wrapper class and a Python function to work with this class:

cimport c_mod_point

cdef class Point:
    cdef c_mod_point.Point _point

    def __cinit__(self, double x, double y):
        self._point.x = x
        self._point.y = y

    @property
    def x(self):
        return self._point.x

    @property
    def y(self):
        return self._point.y

def add_points(Point a, Point b):
    c_point = c_mod_point.add_points(&a._point, &b._point)
    point = Point(c_point.x, c_point.y)
    return point

Cython classes are called extension types and are defined with the cdef class syntax. We declare that this class should hold an attribute _point which holds the C point struct, and the __cinit__ constructor method is used to initialize this object. We also define two properties which allows us to access the attributes of the C struct. Finally, the add_points function is a Python wrapper for our C function. As the C function returns a C struct, we need to convert that to the Python class before returning to the user.

As before, we need to build with a setup.py:

from setuptools import setup, Extension
from Cython.Build import cythonize

setup(
    name='Test Cython',
    ext_modules = cythonize([
        Extension("py_mod_point", ["mod_point.pyx"],
                  libraries=["mod_point"],
                  library_dirs=["."],)
        ]),
    zip_safe=False,

After building with python setup.py build_ext --inplace, we can now import the class and function and work with them in Python.

from py_mod_point import add_points, Point

>>> p_1 = Point(1.1, 1.5)
>>> p_2 = Point(2.5, 5.3)
>>> p_3 = add_points(p_1, p_2)
>>> p_3
>>> p_3.x
3.6
>>> p_3.y
6.8

Wrapping the Python C interface

It's often better to hide away the technicalities of the Python-Fortran interface behind regular Python function and classes. This is actually what we did with Cython above. The end user then does have to worry about converting datatypes, memory management etc. Here is an example with ctypes:

from ctypes import CDLL, byref
import numpy as np
from numpy.ctypeslib import as_ctypes

lib = CDLL("mod_sum.so")

def sum_columns(a):
    a = np.ascontiguousarray(a)
	sum_col = np.empty(a.shape[1], dtype=np.float64)
	c_a = as_ctypes(a)
	c_n_r_a = c_int(a.shape[0])
	c_n_c_a = c_int(a.shape[1])
	c_sum_col = as_ctypes(sum_col)
	lib.sum_columns(byref(c_a), c_n_r_a, c_n_c_a, byref(c_sum_col)
    
    return sum_col

This function (1) converts the input into a C contiguous NumPy array, (2) converts the Numpy array to a C array, (3) creates an empty array to hold the result of the calculation, (4) runs the subroutine to modify the result array that is then returned. The end user is completely oblivious that any Fortran code has been run behind the scenes.