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    --- tags: 物理補強 --- # 高斯定律 * **為何均勻導體內電場為零?** > 1. **均勻導體內部的電場與靜電力** > 2. **任意形狀之導體電場(法拉第電籠又稱屏蔽效應)** > 3. **補充:摩擦起電與自由電子** <br> * **小考第五題:電荷與帶電球體對外界電場的影響** <br> * **高斯定律的電場應用** > 1. **無限長直線** > 2. **無限延伸面** > 3. **無限延伸之圓柱體** > 4. **高斯定律總結** ## 為何均勻導體內電場為零? 從附圖中會發現,球體內並沒有電場與庫倫靜電力,而球外符合平方反比定律。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/PhB9PtL.png) **此時我們要探討的是:為什麼球內沒有電場?以及為什麼沒有庫倫靜電力?** <hr> ### 均勻導體內部的電場與靜電力 ![](https://i.imgur.com/SOUHj80.png =200x) 在圓內任取一點A: \begin{aligned} F_{ABC}&=\frac{KQ_{ABC}Q_{A}}{R_1^2}=BC對A產生的力\\ F_{ADE}&=\frac{KQ_{ADE}Q_{A}}{R_2^2}=DE對A產生的力\\\\ \because &均勻球體內部,每一點的電量皆相同\\\\ &dQ\propto area\propto r^2\\\\ &\frac{area_{ABC}}{R_1^2}=\frac{area_{ADE}}{R_2^2}\\\\ &\Rightarrow F_{ABC}=F_{ADE}\\ \\ &如果將圓剖分成無限分,則每一點都力皆為0。\\ &同樣道理推廣到電場,每一點的電場也皆為0。 \end{aligned} <hr> ### 任意形狀之導體電場(法拉第電籠又稱屏蔽效應) <img src=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Faraday_cage.gif></img> 假設有一方向的外部電場,導體內的電子會受到庫倫靜電力影響,向電場來源移動。 因為質子不會移動,會使得電場來源側有較多電子聚集,此時內部不再是均勻分布進而產生內部的電場。 由於內部電場與外部電場的方向正好相反,於是互相抵銷的結果就是: > 任意封閉導體內,電場必為零。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/jjKCNGR.png) 此外,如果外部沒有電場,那麼電子就不會移動(這裡不考慮量子力學的其他效應),內部均勻分布,也就沒有電場的產生。 重要條件:封閉、均勻且是導體(代表內部的電子屬於自由電子,可以任意移動)。 而自由電子的想法,跟摩擦起電又有些許不同。 <hr> ### 補充:摩擦起電與自由電子 簡單來說是透過摩擦的動作,讓兩物體之間的電子發生轉移,進而使某一物體產生電。 原因正是物體間,對電子的吸引力不同,讓電子發生轉移。 選擇絕緣體正是因為,上面的電子非自由電子,摩擦後會停留在物體上,而非導體的電子會快速移動,使物體帶異電。 <br> ## 小考第五題:電荷與帶電球體對外界電場的影響 ![](https://i.imgur.com/bzUvxP0.png =400x) 根據[殼層定理](https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AE%BC%E5%B1%A4%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86),可以得知: > 實心球對外部物體的重力貢獻如同將所有質量集中於球心。 同理也適用於均勻帶電球體所貢獻的電場(與補強提及的平方反比律有關)。 簡單來說:球體的重力可以用質心來代替計算。 而均勻球體的電場也可以用中心來計算。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/4HTP1Ss.png =600x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/RZOW8BL.png) 將導電球體視為點電荷: $\vec{E}=\frac{k_eq}{r^2}=\frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0}\frac{q}{r^2}$ ==$E\propto\frac{1}{r^2}$== \begin{aligned} &\because 2R = 4R \times \frac{1}{2}\\ \\&when\ \ r = 4R,\\ &\Rightarrow \vert{E}\vert = 1400\times (\frac{1}{2})^2 = 350\frac{N}{C} \end{aligned} <br> ## 高斯定律的電場應用 \begin{aligned} \Phi_E&=\vec{E}\cdot{A}=\oint_E\vec{E}\cdot{d\vec{A}}=\frac{Q_{enc}}{\varepsilon_0} \end{aligned} ### 無限長直線 ![](https://i.imgur.com/UI4QDUl.png) \begin{aligned} 縱向看能看出&2\pi r的圓周,即為高斯封閉曲面。\\ 透過高斯定律&來計算電場:\\ \Phi_E &= \vec{E}\times 2\pi rh=\frac{\lambda h}{\varepsilon_0}\\ \vec{E}&=\frac{\lambda}{2\pi r\varepsilon_0}\\ \end{aligned} <hr> ### 無限延伸面 ![](https://i.imgur.com/cvsqxZw.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/pHMeCoj.png =250x) 假設有一圓柱面,因電場只由兩面射出並具有對稱性, 所以只要計算兩面所具有的電通量,就能透過高斯定律計算電場。 \begin{aligned} \because 電場&有兩個方向的面\\ \Phi_E &= 2\vec{E}A = \frac{Q_{enc}}{\varepsilon_0}\\\\ \because 面電&荷密度δ×面積\pi r^2=這個面的電量Q_{enc}\\ &\Rightarrow 2\vec{E}=\frac{δ\cdot\pi r^2}{\pi r^2\varepsilon_0}\\ &\Rightarrow \vec{E}=\frac{δ}{2\varepsilon_0} \end{aligned} 註:不管怎麼假設都沒問題,因任意面皆會在算式中被消除,這裡只是舉一個相較好理解的例子。 <hr> ### 無限延伸之圓柱體 ![](https://i.imgur.com/GM8pWoP.png =200x) \begin{aligned} \because 電場&有圓柱面\\ \Phi_E &= \vec{E}\times 2\pi rh = \frac{Q_{enc}}{\varepsilon_0}\\\\ \because 圓柱體電&荷密度\rho×體積\pi a^2h=這個圓柱體的電量Q_{enc}\\ \Phi_E &= \vec{E}\times 2\pi rh=\frac{\rho\cdot\pi a^2h}{\varepsilon_0}\\ \vec{E}&=\frac{a^2\rho}{2 r\varepsilon_0}\\ \end{aligned} <hr> ### 高斯定律總結 \begin{aligned} \Phi_E&=\vec{E}\cdot{A}=\oint_E\vec{E}\cdot{d\vec{A}}=\frac{Q_{enc}}{\varepsilon_0} \end{aligned} <br> | 電場形式 | $\vec{E}$ | 註解 | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 點電荷 | $\frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0}\frac{q}{r^2}$ | | | 導電球 | $\frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0}\frac{q}{r^2}$ | [殼層定理](https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AE%BC%E5%B1%A4%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86) | | 無限長直線 | $\frac{\lambda}{2\pi r\varepsilon_0}$ | $\lambda$ 線電荷密度 | | 無限延伸面 | $\frac{δ}{2\varepsilon_0}$ | δ 面電荷密度 | | 無限延伸圓柱體 | $\frac{a^2\rho}{2 r\varepsilon_0}$ | $\rho$ 圓柱體電荷密度 | <br> ## 參考資料 https://hackmd.io/@yizhewang/SJHCp1OR7?type=view https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AE%BC%E5%B1%A4%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86 http://www.e-physics.net/Download/newchap17a.pdf http://140.130.15.232/student/file/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8/02%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B.pdf

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