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    # 中東少數族群宗教筆記-曼達安人篇 ###### tags: `其他神話` ## 曼達安教: - 人口:約六萬 - 聖地:伊拉克 - 神祇:女性惡靈盧哈、光之天使希比爾·齊瓦 - 先知:施洗者約翰最重、亞當、舍特跟諾亞其次 - 經典:【大寶藏】、【約翰之書】 - 節慶:白日節、浸洗禮 - 神殿:禮拜堂「曼迪」 - 跟巴比倫人的關係匪淺 - 曾被誤以為是基督教的流派之一 - 偏好穿白色 - 逐水而居 - 和平主義者 - 有自己的語言,但僅在命名及施行儀式時使用 - 【曼達安】一詞源自該語言的智慧(manda) - 為單神信仰:至高生命(manda da hiya) - 其天堂:光之世界(malka da nhura) - 現存最古的聖典:塔木德(Talmud) ### 與基督教的差別: | | 基督教 |曼達安教| | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 惡靈 | 撒旦 | 女性惡靈盧哈 | | 天堂 | 天堂 | 光之世界 | |受洗|不一定要流動的水且一生一次|一定要流動的水且所有重大場合前都要受洗 |施洗者約翰的身分|基督的追隨者|大先知 ### 大寶藏(Ginza Rabba) - 意為「至寶」 - 能由右至左閱讀,也能被上下顛倒然後從尾讀到頭 - 格式像古蘭經。每章開頭都有「奉至仁至慈的真主之名!」 - 每頁都有所謂的達非胥符號 ### 達非胥 ![](https://i.imgur.com/q0CG6Uu.png)曼達安的重要符號:【達非胥】 - 象徵:人被浸入底格里斯河,也就是曼達安教的:【受洗】 - 四臂帶表世界的四個方向 - 被認為是人間對曼達安天堂的驚鴻一督 ### 約翰之書 - 書中有許多施洗者約翰施展的奇蹟 - 被認為是比耶穌還厲害的奇蹟締造者 ![](https://i.imgur.com/fftFQEU.png)施洗者約翰 ### 白日節(White Days) - 被用來紀念創造世界的五天 - 為歡樂的慶典 ### 曼達安新年 - 是比較可怕的節日 - 在這時,【惡】會化作名為「盧哈」的女靈並出現在人間三十六小時 - 傳統上小孩會被留在室內 - 「盧哈」會化作一隻胡蜂或是蜜蜂又或是一隻鳥並試著傷害在外的小孩 - 新年出門會比較容易遭遇不測 ### 曼達安中悲傷的節慶 - 跟什葉派穆斯林的阿舒拉節同一天 - 會準備一道洋薏仁湯「阿布哈里斯(abul harith)」 - 曼達安教會在這天加入什葉派的遊行 - 慶祝的說法很多 - 只知道是了紀念一段非常緊張的過去 - 可能是為了紀念在紅海溺死的法老的士兵 ### 受洗禮 ![](https://i.imgur.com/wQzA19U.png) 曼達安人時受洗禮的圖 - 其起源有許多觀點 - 觀點一:可能是從為了躲避羅馬迫害向東濤的施洗者約翰的猶太追隨者那學來的 - 觀點二:是源於伊拉克境內的古老習俗 - 曼達安祭司會在剛出生的嬰兒受洗禮時看當時的星象給其一個星座 - 等到十七歲時另一位祭司就用那名嬰兒的星座幫他取個祕密的名子 ``` 巴比倫人知識點: 巴比倫人著迷於星象,黃道十二宮就是巴比倫人設的。其目的是為了配合每年的月亮盈虧數 ``` ### 觀星 曼達安人繼承了源自巴比倫人的對天文學的崇拜,因此仍然相信「行星是神的工具,而且每個行星裡都有靈」儘管如此,曼達安人仍堅持反對他們是「觀星者」的說法。 | | 曼達安人 | 巴比倫人 | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 行星信仰 | 視為天使而非神 | 視為神 | | 單/多神| 單神(行星不算是神,比較算是天使) | 多神(每顆行星皆為神) | | 神殿 | 沒有太陽及月亮的神殿,其他行星不確定 | 每個行星都有神殿 | ### 神話人物(待補充) 1. 肉山-克倫(Kurn) ![](https://i.imgur.com/K2m9gvv.png)克倫(Kurn)的圖畫 - 被形容為像是一隻巨型頭蝨 - 整個肉眼可見的世界都是在其身上 3. 烏爾龍(dragon Ur) - 負責鎮守片可引燃的油海 4. 普塔希爾(Ptahil) - 負責將靈魂帶去秤重並派手下神靈取出靈魂 5. 惡魔迪那努卡(Dinanukht) ![](https://i.imgur.com/5Ancane.png)惡魔迪那努卡(Dinanukht)的圖畫 - 半人半書 - 他會坐在不同世界的水邊並閱讀著自己 ### 魔法 - 深信魔法跟祕密密不可分 - 傳說如果透漏自己的名子就有可能被拿去做黑魔法 - 曼達安人跟古巴比倫人之間的連結點之一 - 『納巴泰農業』中有著許多魔咒 - 目前最常用的護符為「斯坎杜拉(skanduleh)」 #### 斯坎杜拉(skanduleh) - 有著四個動物圖案分別是 1. 獅子 2. 蛇 3. 蠍 4. 胡蜂 - 四種動物分別代表不同的黑暗力量 - 這是現在最多人使用的護符 ## 心得 在製作這份筆記時其實是遇到不少困難的,因為本來身為少數宗教的曼德安教資料就已經算是少了,再加上曼德安人以保守秘密為榮所以相關資料可以說是更少了。就算有也是全英文版的,而且那些英文都很難以理解,這點我認為可以做為未來的努力方向也不一定。 【被隱藏的眾神】是我目前了解這些少數宗教最好同時也是最清楚的方向。我認為這本書對我就像是一把鑰匙,讓我打開了【中東少數宗教】這扇大門。雖然在看到這本書之前就已經很好奇中東那邊的其他宗教,因為每當我們想到中東那邊的宗教時我們都只想到【伊斯蘭教】而已,我很好奇真的沒有其他宗教了嗎?他們的習俗會是如何?他們的神話故事會是怎麼樣呢?這些想法時不時的就會跑出來,但苦於沒有能了解的書籍或資料使得我只能將了解中東宗教這一想法停滯在想像階段而已。有了這本書後我才能成功製作這份有關曼德安教的筆記。中東做為人類文明的起源,其所蘊含的歷史資料是我無法想像的,無論是作為人類五大文化之始的美索不達米亞文明,或是神秘的巴比倫文明。又或是曾經稱霸一方的波斯文明,其有的宗教文化可說是如繁星一樣吧! 書中其他幾個的中東少數宗教也都非常的有趣,未來想必我會把其他幾個也做成筆記的! ## 資料來源 ### 被隱藏的眾神:一段在中東尋找古老智慧的旅程 https://www.books.com.tw/products/0010884753 ### 曼達安聯盟 http://www.mandaeanunion.org/

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