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--- layout: post title: "「索引」有关革命的理论" date: 2019-12-12 tags: [索引, 革命, 理论, 论文] author: Merlin from: https://2049bbs.xyz/t/2223 hackmd: T-baHgYETPGMNTS1Pc8ZuQ comments: true --- 无意间看到@懦夫斯基的[文章](https://pincong.rocks/article/6119),很不错呀,忍不住跳出来做一个简单(但非科普向,且需要自己动手查阅原文)的索引: 文中提到的“革命串联” (revolutionary threshold/cascade)来自Timur Kuran 对东欧剧变不可预知性的解释: Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989, World Politics Vol. 44, No. 1 (Oct., 1991), pp. 7-48 (42 pages) 稍微梳理一下相关理论: 几十年来,最流行的革命概念是马克思主义理论(请勿自带偏见先)和相对剥夺理论。前者强调生产方法的变化在产生不满和反抗中的作用;后者着眼于经济期望值与已实现的经济表现之间的差距,以解释沮丧感以及因此而引起的骚动 (相对剥夺理论)。两种理论都在引起社会不满的结构条件与革命事件的可能性之间建立了自发的联系。而且,在这两种理论中,参与叛乱都是基于“自发追求集体利益(collective good)“的假设, 例如改变压迫性社会秩序的愿望。这一流派中,最有影响力的两位学者是关于马克思理论拥护者 Skocpol 和‘相对剥夺理论’拥护者Davies。 Skocpol T (1979) States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Davies JC (1962) Toward a Theory of Revolution. American Sociological Review 27: 5–19. 10.2307/2089714 更多关于革命理论的综述,请参见。 Goldstone JA (2001) Toward a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory. Annual Review of Political Science 4: 139–187. 10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139 作为“自发追求集体利益(collective good)“假设的反对声音。Tullock 以经济学方法来解释是否参与革命:由于公共物品额外的收益相对于参加叛乱获得公共物品的成本很小,个人根据他们的私人收益或损失决定是否参加革命。Silver 根据Tullock的理论对革命进行了分类。此外,开始所提到的Kuran 批评了社会不满与革命之间自动联系的想法,认为大多数历史革命是不可预测的。他基于观察结果提供了一种解释:只要反对派显得软弱,不喜欢政府的人就会隐瞒自己的政治偏好。因此,即使反对派人数微不足道,或发生微不足道的事件,看起来绝对稳定的政权也可能会突然失去支持,其论证重点在于集体行动(collective action)的不可预知性,而这种不可预知性的来源是由于“任何人都无法准确估计对制度的社会真实意见”,或者说,信息不对称(asymmetric information)。 Tullock G (1971) The Paradox of Revolution. Public Choice 11: 89–99. 10.1007/BF01726214 Silver M (1974) Political Revolution and Repression: An Economic Approach. Public Choice 17: 63–71. 10.1007/BF01718997 Kuran T (1989) Sparks and Prairie Fires: A Theory of Unanticipated Political Revolution. Public Choice 61: 41–74. 10.1007/BF00116762 围绕集体行动(collective action)问题Lichbach基于制裁和群体认同方法确定了许多解决方案。这些解决方案包括施加社区义务,建立体制机制,建立契约体系,和利用当权者的可能性。例如: Lichbach MI (1994) Rethinking Rationality and Rebellion: Theories of Collective Action and Problems of Collective Dissent. Rationality and Society 6: 8–39. 10.1177/1043463194006001003 Lichbach MI (1996) The Cooperator’s Dilemma: Social Order and Collective Action. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Leeson PT (2010) Rational Choice, Round Robin, and Rebellion: An Institutional Solution to the Problems of Revolution. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 73: 297–307. 10.1016/j.jebo.2009.12.003 此外,和Kuran的理论一致,Rubin认为,在高度集权的政权遭受重大冲击之后,更容易发生政治取向革命的串联。这是因为这种政治制度中的公民更有动机隐瞒自己的真实政治观点,以避免中央政府施加经济或法律制裁。 Makowsky和Rubin 提出进而根据社会组织的模型(agent-based) 扩展先前的研究以揭示社交网络技术如何促进集权社会中的政治取向革命的串联。 Rubin J (2014) Centralized Institutions and Cascades. Journal of Comparative Economics 42: 340–357. 10.1016/j.jce.2013.11.002 An agent-based model of centralized institutions, social network technology, and revolution. Makowsky MD, Rubin J PLoS One. 2013; 8(11):e80380. 许多人也从博弈论方向分析了政治变革的经济原因。例如,按照Acemoglu 和Robinson的民主经济起源模型,Ellis 和 Fender得出了民主和平崛起的条件,革命后何时发生以及寡头政府坚持的时间的模型。 Gard-Murray和Bar-Yam 则认为民主制比独裁制更系统地复杂,并且由于暴力革命很可能破坏现有的发展复杂性,独裁政权在民主之后有更高的机会出现。 Acemoglu D, Robinson JA (2001) A Theory of Political Transitions. American Economic Review 91: 938–963. 10.1257/aer.91.4.938 Ellis CJ, Fender J (2011) Information Cascades and Revolutionary Regime Transitions. Economic Journal 121: 763–792. 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02401.x Gard-Murray AS, Bar-Yam Y (2015) Complexity and the Limits of Revolution: What Will Happen to the Arab Spring? In: Conflict and Complexity, Springer: 281–292 站在Kuran, Rubin 等人的肩膀上Granovetter认为,个人面对多种选择的情况很多,与这些选择相关的成本和收益取决于过去(历史中)有多少个人选择了各种选择。因此,每个人都有自己的门槛,并且如果当时参加的人数超过该门槛,则决定参加集体行动,例如暴动或罢工。遵循这个思路,Epstein建立了一种基于社会组织的民事暴力模型,其中涉及社会组织和警察这两种类型的参与者,描述了他们在二维环面空间中的交互。在此模型中,如果因被警察逮捕的风险会进一步刺激不满情绪,带其超出其激活阈值,则组织决定反抗政府。该模型的主要预测结果之一是基于不满的暴力活动间歇性爆发,且在时间和空间上不规则地分布。另一项探讨反抗事件的时空扩散的模型来自Braha, 通过一个包含社会关系和通讯的动态模型重现了真实的反抗事件的空间和事件分布。 Granovetter M (1978) Threshold Models of Collective Behavior. American Journal of Sociology 83: 1420–1443. 10.1086/226707 Modeling civil violence: an agent-based computational approach. Epstein JM Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 14; 99 Suppl 3():7243-50. Global civil unrest: contagion, self-organization, and prediction. Braha D PLoS One. 2012; 7(10):e48596. 以上。 --- --- @Merlin 感谢你这一条干货满满的文章,有时间一定把里面的内容详尽看看。 顺便想到一个比较重要的问题,就是Mancur Olson在 The Logic of Collective Action 提到的小团体在集体行动中较为有行动力的问题。 这也是为啥我比较支持“屠龙小队”这种勇武派的原因,同时我也并不抗拒论坛上出现小规模抱团的一种心理吧,我觉得他们可能在造成实际影响力的行为上会更有效率。 [@令狐冲](https://2049bbs.xyz/member/2452) --- 没想到你也会在这边出现~ Collective action 确实是一个悬而未决问题。我浏览的大部分模型中都刻意回避了这个问题。因为其定量描述很有难度。 关于这种现象的一般定义为: “The collective action, or free-rider, problem refers to the fact that individual members of a group often have little incentive to contribute to the provision of a public good that will benefit all members of the group.” 所以大概小团体更容易达成共识,因为少数追求public good的人更有更大的影响力。 我一开始看这个定义的时候,不自觉地联想到另一个著名的社会心理学实验,不知是否相通,叫bystander effect, 即旁观者越多,真正付诸行动者越少,用以解释这种现象的‘责任稀释’(Diffusion of responsibility)不知是否也能拿来描述free-rider。 --- @Merlin #19 旁观者效应描绘搭便车行为挺准确的说。 我的主要在于,如何在集体行动中,形成大量有行动力的小团体,他们既有相同利益因而有相同敌人,但他们的分歧又不至于导致互相之间敌对。比如就像Olson说的大组织内部合伙 [@令狐冲](https://2049bbs.xyz/member/2452) --- 也可以参考一下这篇, Bommel 论述如何通过引入“责任线索(accountability cue)”,提高公共领域的自我认知来逆转旁观者效应的实验: Bommel, M.V.; et al. (2012). "Be aware to care: Public self-awareness leads to a reversal of the bystander effect". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 48 (4): 926–930. 文中通过减少“匿名程度”的手段,并不适用与组织,但方法背后基于建立信誉和失去信誉的代价的机制或许值得借鉴。 直觉上这个也挺有道理的,高性动力的组织往往对成员的信誉(reputation)要求较高,反过来对信誉的重视产生使成员产生更多的责任感。这本身也是一种比较常见的Olson提到的“选择性动机” 另外Olson说的这种“选择性动机”似乎过于简化成了零和博弈。比较常见的情况是一项政治决定包含对多方有利的取舍的可能性。比如一项法案的出台,通常要经过多个议员的反对,磋商,让步,修改,再达成新的共识。 Wiki 说 “The Logic of Collective Action”,遭受的反对声音也不少,或许能提供更多线索。 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Collective_Action --- Mancur Olson的书不错,1982年出版的The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities 读过一半。 ccp里学经济政治理论的应该有一批人(smart evil men/women,一接触经济学就会有这些社会政治理论分析),一些理论常识应该都掌握,他们对于怎样维持更好统治是积极上心的。反专制力量是需要掌握这些理论常识来更好理解和对抗。 [@wealldie](https://2049bbs.xyz/member/2286) ###### tags: `索引` `革命` `论文`

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