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    C#和Java比較 | 項目 | C# | Java | | -------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------ | | IDE開發工具 | Visual Studio、Rider | Eclipse、IntelliJ IDEA、NetBeans | | 相依套件管理工具 | NuGet | Maven | | Application Server | IIS;NET Core也可以運行在Kestrel、Apache、Nginx等 | Tomcat、IBM WebSphere Application Server、Oracle WebLogic Server、Oracle GlassFish Server、Caucho Resin | | Runtime | .NET Framewrok需要安裝才能執行 | JRE/JDK可以免安裝執行 | | Runtime是否收費 | 免費 | Oracle Java 8u200以上(2019年之後發佈版本)公司用戶需要付費,可以改用免費的OpenJDK | | 編碼 | UTF-16 | 《JVM 本身是採 Big Endian 的方式來處理位元組 https://openhome.cc/Gossip/Encoding/UnicodeUTF.html 》 | | 引用關鍵字 | using,不允許使用*萬用符號,須明確引入 | import,且可以使用*萬用符號 | | DLL檔/jar(class)檔放置路徑 | 比較彈性 | jar檔須放置在lib資料夾下;class檔須依照套件名稱路徑放置 | | Exception | 只有執行階段的例外 | 除了執行階段的例外,還有編譯階段的例外 | | Lambda | 有 | 有 | | LINQ | 有 | 無 | | ORM | Entity Framework | JPA、Hibernate、iBATIS | | MVC | ASP.NET MVC(內建) | 不好用的JSF(內建)、Spring MVC、Struts | | 權限管理框架 | ASP.NET Identity | Spring Security、Shrio | | 應用程式效能監控(APM) | Application Insights| Spring Boot Actuator | | embedded database | SQL Server Express LocalDB | Derby、H2、HSQL | | Multithreading | Thread、TPL、TAP | Thread | | 資料型態(存在記憶體Stack;Call by value) | Value Type (實值型別) 《所有實值型別都是自 System.ValueType 隱含衍生而來》| Primitive Type (基本型態)| | 資料型態(存在記憶體Heap;Call by reference)《兩者的String都是Reference Type》 | Reference Type (參考型別) | Class Type / Reference Type (類別型態 / 參考型態) | | pointer type(指標型別) | 有《只能用在非安全的程式區塊》 | 無 | | async/await 語法糖 | 有 | 無 | | 泛型 generics | 有《C# 2.0之後支援泛型》 | 有 《 Java 5之後支援泛型,Java是在編譯器實作泛型,不是在JVM實作,因此Java的泛型不支援Primitive Type,且執行效率會比C#差》| | Collection Framework | 有 | 有 | | main()寫法 | Main() 《Pascal風格》 | main() 《C風格》 | | struct | 有 | 無 | | enum | 有 | 有 | | Reflection | 有 | 有 | | Metadata | attribute | annotation | | public class | 檔案內可以有多個 | 檔案內只能有一個public class,且須和檔名一致 | | nested class | 有 | 有 | | inner class | 無 | 有 | | anonymous class | 有 | 有 | | partial class | 有 | 無 | | partial method | 有 | 無 | | 禁止類別被繼承 | sealed | final | | virtual method | 預設否,基礎類別的成員函式聲明前加上關鍵字virtual即可讓該函式成為虛擬函式 |預設是,要避免被覆寫需使用final | 判斷繼承關係 | is或as(as會試著轉型,失敗回null) | instanceof | | String是否是Immutable ? 《Immutable表示Thread-safe》| 是 | 是 | | StringBuffer | 無,但StringBuilder可以搭配lock關鍵字達成線程安全 |線程安全 | | StringBuilder | 有 |非線程安全,但速度較快(Java 5之後才有) | | Exception Specifier | 無 | 有 | | OutOfRangeException | ArgumentOutOfRangeException |ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException |

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