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    > **TheTheoryofAccumulativeandNon-accumulativeProcesses** 1. **Critiqueoftheideaofprogress 1-1 发展能够在每个地区进行是一个过于乐观的想法。 一般的关于辩证运动的思想认为,在所有领域,(自然、历史、知识)becoming的过程无疑会 变得更加多变-不连贯、矛盾,被部分或总体的倒退撕裂。 2. **Unevendevelopment. 2-1 先进技术与落后生产同时存在 在不平衡发展的规则中,经济和技术在人类发展中处于核心的地位,完成工业化的国家或部门 是先锋,落后国家或部门是后卫(作为战术的比喻)。 2-3 巨大的动荡会唤醒落后国家对发展不平衡的觉醒从而努力去摆脱这种不平衡解放自己。只要这 个落后地区被所谓的“现代”社会剥削和压迫着,这种巨大的动荡就会以国家日常政治生活的动荡 和人们日常生活的动荡的形式冲击着这个”现代社会”。 **3. Non-accumulativesocieties. 3-1 从经济层面,马克思将社会类型划分为两种,一种是简单再生产的社会,另一种是扩大规模再 生产的社会。更准确的说资本主义社会的分析,揭示了资本主义社会包含着一个双重的过程,一个 是 “ 简 单 再 生 产 ” , 另 一 个 是 “ 扩 大 规 模 再 生 产 ” 。 The second supposes the first,and first continuesaprocesswithincapitalism whic-hwasinherentinprecapialistsocieties.简单再生 产继承于前资本主义社会,并在资本主义社会中继续它的进程。 3-2 社会能再生产社会成员之间的社会关系。 马克思所说的“实践”,不仅仅是为了重建消费的基础,它还保持生产关系和社会分工。虽然 社会成员不断变化的社会关系会一直保持稳定,社会成员从生到死,从一个群体转移到另一个群体 (通过嫁娶),但他们的社会关系是不变。 马克思认为简单生产的过程是一个环形的过程。(生产-自己消费-生产,没有扩大再生产的过程) 它基于一个较弱的社会生产力水平,但具有内在凝聚力。 非积累阶段国家以农业手工业为基础伴随着早期的商业活动,一方面,靠着武力征服建立农业 社会的巨大政治实体-帝国,另一方面,通过早期商业活动积累(统治者的)财富,如以货易货贸易, 税金,贡金。静态停滞的经济基础带来固定不变的政治体系。 统治者通过剥夺贫乏的社会剩余劳动和剩余商品来积累财富用于 works 古代社会的多样性在于暴力和平衡,活力和稳定,贫穷和辉煌破败和美,它具有两面性一方面 是残酷和专制的领域,另一方面是令人惊奇的创造力与生活方式智慧,文化,甚至哲学. 为什么现代人对 works有兴趣? 古时人可能会懂得区分什么是神圣和世俗、日常和伟绩,但在今天的人看来,古代这两个部分 是紧密的结合在一起的,古代人的生活中充满非常原始的象征主义和符号。而象征主义可以恢复被 抢夺区所有意义的行为的力量。(人们想象)在这个社会中,每一件物品都是艺术成果,而日常生活 就成为了一种生活方式。决定风格的是社会的控制者和那些象征主义与符号。 现代人的生活是没有风格的,风格在一个越来越远离日常生活的背景下,因为全球化超越了国 家领土,民族的背景,而功利主义者和实用主义者也拒绝生活的风格。 因为日常生活的巨大空虚,我们期待可以指向充足或使之充足永久的任何事!任何时代都不是 问题,这不是审美鉴赏力和意识形态的问题,是日常生活本身,这个理论似乎并不准确,我们对于 对象的兴趣和关于远距离社会的想法,是在一个严重的误解下形成的,我们认为它们是艺术品,而 这种艺术并不是日常生活以外的东西,或者被假设高于日常生活,并试图走进它的东西,其实就是 日常生活的风格本身,我们认为的理论和哲学实际上是日常生活的方式,这就是为什么我们认识回 归这些对象和想法,它们影响我们就越多。 4. **4Theconceptoftheprocessofaccummulation** 4-1 生产的不同部门之间的互惠,对于高效的扩大再生产规模非常重要。 马克思展示了自由竞争资本主义背景下的经济危机的循环,即通过消除生产过剩,重新确立生 产规模,恢复积累。危机是系统自我调节过程的一部分。 4-2 马克思揭示了一个辩证运动“平衡-危机-恢复”。积累性过程,引出了生产劳动的社会性特征 与生产资料私人占有之间的矛盾。尽管这是社会的基本矛盾,但社会必须保持内在的凝聚力和一致 性,这个矛盾日后会发展成为无产阶级和中产阶级两极化地对的矛盾。 积累的过程,极大程度改变了先前非积累的过程,非积累性的环形过程被包含进螺旋形上升的 积累性过程之中。 如果经济社会持续发展的同时,不再持续生产它的社会关系,那社会就将崩溃。但它是在有限 的层面上逐渐发生的。 这个有限的层面是关于碎片化的劳动,独立个体之间的意识关系,以及个人与公共,日常与" 世界作为一个整体"的分裂。而在社会整体、在财富和生产关系、在阶级关系的层面,社会的一致 性则变得更加强大。 当社会的自我调节的经济机制不足以保证社会凝聚力,还需要意识层面的东西。比如意识形 态、模范、价值,works或者象征符号。 4-3 积累过程的特征是经济领域成为主导和决定性的部分,这个过程作为历史是由个人和社会群体 共同创造的,是盲目的,个人和社会群体陷入了深刻和多面的异化之中是其困境。 a>马克思认为,社会主义既是积累进程的结束是其也目的,一旦这一进程在高度工业化的国家达到 高度的投资回报率,革命的无产阶级就会接管,但这不会使这一进程结束,而是转向意识层面。 马克思做出预测:日常的异化将会消失。 b>贫穷工业国家无产阶级革命而实现的社会主义与马克思纲领有些不同,社会政治是加快落后和 欠发达国家积淀的过程的政治手段,它对应于"世界成为一个整体"的过程,而不是最终结果。 虽然饱和和破裂的威胁已经消除,但这种完全服务于积累的意识形态,文化政治,人类活动的后果 对我们来说仍然是永久的挑战和严峻的态势。 that we owe the intensification of old forms of (ideological and political) alienation, and the invention of new forms of alienation (technologicalcalienation, and total alienation of the everyday) c>积累过程为现代历史的中心轴线骨干与历史情况有关,包涵一下几种类型 积累过程自发发展先于国家行成。如英国、美国、法国。 国家伴随并刺激积累过程。如法国,在某种程度上,德国,意大利,沙皇俄国。 国家组织和加速积累进程。如社会主义国家。 国家先于积累进程。如最近赢得独立的欠发达国家。 因此这些国家在国家作用,组织结构和作用方式上有着显著的历史性差异。

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