Chun Yan Liu
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    # 網路人權、教育及多元文化 邱文聰(中研院法律所研究所副研究員|台灣人權促進會副會長) ## 引言 以法律的說明之後,作為與談的引言 人權?理所當然? 他其實是一個比較晚進到人類社會的東西 人生而? 人權可以把它視為一種「抵抗」的工具 那個對抗的對象是誰?那就會很重要 和「權力」Power 的發展有關 # 人權 過去擁有最大 power 的是國家 ## 外顯的權力 國王的權力(ex: 讓大家知道我是有權力,一般外顯在外可以看到的) 現在有哪些例子呢: 題字(沒有傷害) 警察 照超速 現在法治國家,他們外顯在外,必須符合一些遊戲規則。 ## 隱匿的權力 做「監控」的權力 不再用「明白」讓你知道,讓你不知道在哪裡 Big Brother 老大哥式的社會 ## 透過資料的搜集進行分類 分類的目的:區分安全、不安全的人 安全=我們的一群人 不安全=排除 排到社會可容許的範圍之外。 具體的個資搜集模式:鄭捷事件 要求各部會從衛福部(精神疾病資料)連結法務部、教育部的資料 這種模式會高度仰賴資料的搜集 這強調的是「處理」與「分類」 # 談網路人權? 我們面對的權力型態到底是什麼? 抵抗的是什麼 網路上所存在的侵害的是什麼? ## 2014 網路人權概念 - 近用網路的權力 不受歧視的使用 (有些人可以用,有些人不可以用) - 在網路上發表言論的自由和取得資訊的自由 (言論監控,台灣基本上比較不是政治性言論的控管,較偏向是「毀謗」這類型的言論,或者評論一個人的名譽之時。) - 集會結社參與 (ex: 318 、 阿拉伯之春,台灣反而是因為第三種而造成了第一二種的監控,誰在集結、集結的模式是什麼,反而變成 power 擁有者的反動員) - 隱私與資料的保護 (台灣最為嚴重的一個,隱私的問題,資料網路的安全問題,可以把它理解成一個所有的面向的共同點、基本的權力) - 教育學習新知 - 文化的了解 - 小孩特殊權力的保護 - 有效的權利救濟 ## 台灣的監控情形 政府在網路上的資訊搜集與言論管控 可能的抵抗的策略 (人權不能直接拿來吃,你要操作她啊!!!) 政府常常和台灣的企業要資料 這件事情很普遍 透過業者去間接搜集資料 透過業者去移除特定的言論 大概的 Picture 和國外的企業要會遇到比較多的阻礙、和國內企業要的時候,多半會配合, 除了母國所在國家的保護有一定的要求。 公司資料保護會遇到一定得規範 台灣會 hire 法務就很了不起了。 台灣企業都比較多「順民」型的。 ## 國外的情形 EFF (Electronic Frontier Fundation) 調查企業面對查資料時會有哪些措施。 - 業界之最佳實務 這樣做其實對業界有好處的。 - 定期發佈透明度報告 - 公布配合執法之準則 - 提供使用者資料需要有法令狀(公正第三人) - 通知使用者提出的資訊提供要求 - 事前 or 事後 (有些時候企業也會被限制這種需求) - 告知使用者資料刪除後的資料留存政策 - 其實很多網路服務他們會保留你的資料 - 揭露政府提出的內容移除要求 - 對外公開有這樣的要求。 - 拒絕政府要求的後門 - 你的 ISP 留些後們讓我直接進去。 - 理論上要拒絕 讓權力透明化 這會比較好「控制」 所以需要「政府資訊公開法」 這只能適用於權力在政府時才有用。 加密有可能遇到阻礙 一般性的禁止「加密」 目前只有在監獄會被檢查 強制解密 > 美國沒有成功。 強制提供「金鑰」 加密資訊的使用門檻 這不是法律、而是NGO 的評比、行程對社會輿論上的壓力去實踐。 ## 抵抗的策略是什麼呢 Obfusation and Resistance 屏蔽 ## 刪除權(緩和版的被遺忘權) (原本用在前科紀錄這類的) EU General Data Prodection Regulation 被遺忘權 -> 刪除權 滿足以下的條件之一 網路上被忘記是很困難的事情, ## 個資保護與資訊隱私圖像的再隱私 個資保護的兩種典範 1. 以機密性為邊界的自主保障 2. 以發展非僵固性人格為核心的自主 ## 政府應該是什麼可以做 而非什麼不能做 什麼情況下要有「法律保留原則」 如果牽涉到人民權力、義務的 meta 過去不受言論的保證 現在已經不是這樣了 這是一個大量的 deta 得比對 他可能是一個群體的圖像、還可以回來到各人的身上 在好的時候「很貼心」 但是 很難解的問題, 邊界在哪裡? 傳統的個資法的典範之下 有透過「你個人同意的方式」。 固資厄茲

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