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    # 溫水預煮對生菜保存的實驗及整理 僅為簡易的資料收集,無法確保內容正確性。 關鍵字:殺菁(blanched)、蔬果的褐變、果膠、凝膠 --- 遇到生菜保存黃化的問題,透過翻書與搜尋了解到以下溫水洗菜的觀點,從而進行簡易的實驗與整理 **如何保存生菜! 不變色!你可以擺脫苦澀!** :::info :::spoiler 50度熱水浸泡2分鐘,即可延長生菜保存時間並提升口感 詳細: 作者認為熱休克打開蔬菜的毛孔。它吸收從中流失的水分。植物細胞之間的鈣離子和果膠在此溫度範圍內結合。原因似乎是細胞之間的聯繫變得更牢固。據說熱休克蛋白的增加也是一個因素。 {%youtube 5KTSE6TL10w %} ::: **Effect of mild heat treatment on browning-related parameters in fresh-cut Iceberg lettuce[^18]** :::info 50度水浸泡1分鐘,可有效保存10天 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkibGejLC.png) ::: **現代主義烹調#3 p358** :::info :::spoiler 在一項研究中將萵苣經過50度浸泡90秒,可保存於5度冰箱兩週,並且都沒有變色。 詳細: 其他研究也證明這種處理可以防止部分蔬果變色(葡萄、藍莓...)、延緩馬鈴薯發芽、保存切端的蔥等等。 ![dd未命名](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryOmOJJGC.jpg) 熱處理溫度都落在45\~60度之間,除了保有色澤、口感外,部分蔬果保存時間似乎能延長一半甚至以上。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkJCcgJMC.png) 60度溫水30秒後的藍莓 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1uCoxJfA.png) ::: **食物與廚藝:蔬、果、香料、穀物 p58** :::info :::spoiler 55~60度預煮20~30分鐘可長保堅實 詳細: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BysguW1MA.png) ::: **[冷凍蔬菜比較沒營養?事實可能超乎你想像!](https://www.foodnext.net/science/knowledge/paper/5234294803)** :::info :::spoiler 中溫(50~70℃)預煮能讓蔬果的質地先變得脆硬 詳細: 「分段式的殺菁」先以中溫(50~70℃)預煮,使蔬果中的「果膠酯酶(果膠酶的一種)」活化並分解蔬果的果膠分子,使被分解的果膠分子與鈣離子重新結合形成穩定的組織結構,讓蔬果的質地先變得脆硬 再利用高溫(90℃以上)溫度進行烹煮,破壞蔬果中酵素,使蔬果的營養成分可以不被破壞而有效保留下來,搭配均勻的急速冷凍後,讓冷凍蔬菜在保有營養的同時,口感也更為升級! ::: **[Re:[問題] 植物細胞壁的破壞溫度](https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/cookclub/M.1525282593.A.57E.html)** :::info :::spoiler 很多蔬菜水果中,細胞壁都含有某種酵素,這種酵素在攝氏50度左右活性開始上升70度失去活性 詳細: 酵素會讓細胞壁中的果膠結構改變,使果膠分子更容易和鈣離子鍵結,形成更強的結構 讓蔬果更禁得起長時間的烹煮而不軟爛。這樣的技法常常用在需要和肉類長時間燉煮的根莖類蔬菜。葉菜類也能用此技法變得更加脆口且飽含水分。 ::: ## 材料與實驗方法 ### 實驗材料: 蘿蔓萵苣一顆、熱水器調節至55度後出來的溫熱水、一盆冰塊 ### 實驗方法: 1. 將同一顆羅曼萵苣擷取翠綠部分,切塊後分為對照組與溫水組 2. 溫水組先泡溫水3分鐘再放入冰塊水;而對照組直接放入冰塊水。兩者泡冰水的時間一致 3. 分別標記裝袋放入紙巾,放進冰箱保存,透過顏色變化來判斷實驗結果 ## 結果與討論 ### 外觀變化 #### 第一次實驗 (第一次裝錯包,以第二次實驗為主) :::success :::spoiler 下圖為洗菜前,大盆為對照組,小盆為溫水組,可觀察到顏色正常 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJJyJNA-C.png) 從4/21開始放到4/25,共六天,左邊為溫水組,右邊為對照組 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Skb9070WA.png) 可觀察到經過六天後明顯出現色差 ::: #### 第二次實驗 下圖為洗菜前,可看到兩者皆為正常的翠綠色 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJ8S3q6bA.png) ==**第3天**取出觀察==,可看到右側的對照組已經開始逐漸變色 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByRNT0RbA.png) ==**第5天**取出觀察==,可看到對照組明顯變色,而溫水組只有顏色變得黯淡 ![IMG_20240429_164052](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H10q1kyM0.jpg) ![IMG_20240429_163907](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJvFJJkzA.jpg) <!-- ![d未命名](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1xAC00ZC.jpg) --> ### 關於葉菜的黃化 葉綠素流失好像跟養分消耗有關,褐變則是植物受損的抵禦機制,但都會讓蔬果變色 #### 1.葉綠素流失: :::info :::spoiler 葉菜類在生理上的特性 詳細: 引用自 農業部農業試驗所:葉菜類的採收後生理及處理[^1] ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJU9DMCZR.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkxadblzA.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryqDx-JMC.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1BdtG0bC.png) > 既然研討報告說明保存需要高濕度,那為什麼洗菜需要瀝乾? > 避免多餘水分殘留在葉菜上,導致水溶性物質容易釋出? 詳細機轉為何? 單純減少水中的細菌滋生? 還是其實可以不用瀝乾? ::: 雖然詳細生化機轉有待了解,但可得知: - 水分流失不嚴重時,可透過泡水使其重新吸水 - ==水分流失是葉菜黃化的一大因素== - ==靠近衰老部份的葉綠素較容易被分解== - 低溫保存能明顯延緩葉綠素的分解 <!-- - 避免過於密閉導致二氧化碳濃度太高,氧氣太少無氧代謝會產生酒精和其他難聞的分子(發酵) --> #### 透過果膠與鈣離子形成凝膠來使葉菜保水 :::info :::spoiler 果膠的成分與性質簡介 詳細: 引用自 食品化學解答 [^3] ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hy-gGm0W0.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkIfM7AWA.png) ::: 可得知多數蔬果皆有果膠,甲氧基含量越高凝膠性越強,高甲氧果膠基遇熱溶解、遇酸形膠(ph2~3.5,而3.1為最大硬度)[^7],低甲氧基果膠可透過加入鈣、鎂等二價離子形成架橋作用,起到凝膠的效果來加固結構。 水果有些是高甲氧基果膠,這也是為何製作果醬需要酸與糖,加酸使其成為凝膠,加糖脫水增加凝膠作用,並起到中合酸味的用處。 而葉菜類似乎為低甲氧基果膠,且植物細胞本身就有鈣離子,可透過加熱來使鈣與果膠結合,參考下一段所引用的文章內容。 這也解釋了食品增稠劑中的果膠為何分為調溫、加酸等操作方式。 :::info :::spoiler 烹煮蔬果中的果膠與鈣離子形成架橋 詳細: 引用自 農業部農業試驗所:認識果膠[^2] ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkdV3zAbA.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1X1DV0W0.png) ::: 合適的溫水45~60度(葉菜似乎在超過60\~70度開始使其完整性受損),能適當的使細胞釋出鈣離子,與組織內溶解的果膠結合,使得硬度增加 :::info :::spoiler 食品膠的膠凝特性及其機制 詳細: 引用自[^4] 果膠等溶液,在溫熱條件下為粘稠流體,當溫度降低時,溶液分子連接成網狀結構,溶劑和其他分散介質全部被包含在網狀結構之中,整個體系成了失去流動性的半固體,也就是凝膠。 ::: 雖然葉菜含有的果膠量並不多,但加熱使果膠溶解並與細胞釋出的鈣結合形成架橋,增加組織結構,降溫形成凝膠後,即可適當的保水,延緩水分流失 #### 2.酵素性褐變: :::warning :::spoiler 大略的搜尋與參考 詳細: - 化学抑制剂对果蔬食品多酚氧化酶性质影响的研究进展[^13] 完整介紹PPO與抑制劑 - Inactivation of polyphenol oxidase by microwave and conventional heating[^14] 有一段指出50~70度更能有效降低PPO活性 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rklY8Y-fR.png) - 鮮切馬鈴薯酵素性褐變成因與防制[^15] 解釋褐變與抑制 - 不同葡萄品种多酚氧化酶酶学特性比较[^16] 對葡萄多酚氧化酶的抑制劑、熱穩定、pH等做實驗 - 苹果汁的前褐变及苹果PPO的部分特性研究[^17] 同上,並發現90度30秒,蘋果PPO的熱活性只剩20% ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyhmUtbfA.png) ::: 除了葉綠素流失,酵素性褐變的產物也會使其變色(通常指多酚氧化酶) 大略過程: 植物組織損傷後多酚氧化酶(PPO)被活化,PPO催化多酚使其氧化為醌(黃色),醌聚合並與細胞內蛋白質的氨基酸反應,形成褐色化合物。 一旦形成醌後,後續的反應變不需要氧氣,所以最開始的氧化很關鍵。 :::info :::spoiler 多酚氧化酶PPO的補充(不保證正確) 詳細: PPO是與內囊體膜結合在一起的,天然狀態無活性,但將組織勻漿或損傷後PPO被活化,從而表現出活性,經由一系列反應後,使植物能抵禦病原微生物侵染。 植物組織中含有酚類物質,在完整的細胞中作為呼吸傳遞物質,在酚-醌中保持着動態平衡,當細胞組織被破壞後,氧就大量侵入,造成醌的形成和其還原反應之間的不平衡,於是發生了醌的積累,醌再進一步氧化聚合,並與細胞內蛋白質的氨基酸反應,形成褐色化合物。 ::: <!-- 酵素褐變的第一步,是鄰雙羥基化合物在多酚酶與氧氣的存在,氧化成醌(O-quinone)與水。之後與其他醌、胺基酸、蛋白質非酵素聚合形成褐色化合物 --> <!-- PPO的酵素褐變過程是指其在氧分子存在的條件下可催化單酚酶羥基化和將鄰二酚氧化為鄰醌;隨後醌類化合物被氧化成醌衍生物,形成的鄰醌與其他醌、胺基酸、蛋白質非酵素聚合形成褐色化合物 --> #### 褐變的抑制: 所以褐變有三個主要因素: 1. 酵素: 多酚氧化酶 2. 基質: 各種雙酚化合物(如兒茶素、花青素...) 3. 氧氣 若損傷已經發生,且希望減少褐變,主要可透過**抑制酵素**與**隔絕氧氣**為主,因為基質就是植物的成分,一般人應該處理不了 而PPO酵素的抑制有很多種,簡易方法大略有: 1. 熱處理使其失去活性(高溫殺菁,但也有研究指出部分蔬果50~70度) 2. pH調整至4以下 3. 浸泡在鹽、糖水能隔絕空氣 4. 抗氧化劑(維生素C) 5. 二氧化硫、亞硫酸氫納 > 不過酸鹼、溫度、鹽類背後對酵素作用的生化機轉,仍有待了解 ### 實際應用 可能要先洗一部分的菜當作口感與流程測試,操作流程也許可以參考: 使用兩桶,一桶裝菜後裝溫水,瀝出後裝到另外一桶並加入冰水 1. 挑菜時要確實把已經老化、黃化的部分摘除,因為靠近老葉區域的葉綠素衰減較快 2. 熱水器調到55~60度,用桶裝生菜,直接從水槽裝溫水 3. 泡水2~10分鐘左右,用濾網籃把菜撈到中桶,這樣就可以把大多溫水去掉 5. 最後一樣加入一盆冰塊與涼水,瀝乾後收起 6. 保存在濕度較高的低溫環境(如紙巾噴水放入袋內) > "食物學原理"p57指出刀切實際上造成的損傷較手撕少,不過可能要嘗試如何分切較為合適,主要原則是減少切口截面積盡量大塊。 > 可在同樣條件下,比較不同切法、剝法的保存狀況。 > > 也許泡到自然冷卻也可以,但16\~50℃為細菌繁殖溫度,可能還是快速冷卻較合適 <!-- 蘋果也許可以: 1. 切塊使切口汆燙、整顆微波均勻加熱(降低活性) 2. 接著泡入冰鹽水(抑制酵素) 3. 用保鮮膜包裹(隔絕氧氣) 如此,可以嘗試直接將蘋果切丁保存 --> ### 延伸討論 :::info :::spoiler 保存多天雖然解決外觀與口感,但可能需要擔憂細菌繁殖的問題,而食品加工的鮮切蔬果/沙拉會透過可食膜的噴塗,達到減緩水分流失、酵素抑制、增加色澤/味道、並附加抗菌成分[^8]。 馬鈴薯果膠也是屬於低甲氧基果膠[^5],這也許能部分解釋為何使用60~75度的預處理,能提升馬鈴薯的加工結構[^6]。 同為澱粉的米,有研究證明[^10]用60~70度浸泡米,能使其形成更緊密、更具彈性的凝膠結構,帶來更好的口感。其他資料也提出可增加米香、色澤、縮短烹煮時間[^11]。 這類型的殺菁流程似乎在食品工業的部分冷凍食品較為常見,低溫浸泡增加結構/高溫去除酵素與細菌,再搭配急速冷凍乾燥法來降低冰晶的破壞,從而提升冷凍蔬果的品質[^12]。 綠豆湯的顏色也是多酚氧化酶的效果[^19] ::: ## 結論: 溫水洗菜的可行性 透過簡易的資料蒐集與實驗,確實如同開頭資料提及的效果,可透過此方式延緩水分流失並提高二次加工強度,降低葉綠素分解速度、降低多酚氧化酶活性來減少褐變,且保存處理得當似乎能延長至兩週。 而影片認為浸泡兩分鐘,應該只是大略值,重要的是均勻的使溫度接近該植物果膠的溶解溫度,**如葉菜大約在50~60度之間,來使果膠溶解,並稍微的溶出細胞中的鈣離子與之結合成架橋,在降溫後形成凝膠,從而使其保水能力提升,重要的是也能適當的降低PPO活性,降低變色的速度,似乎一舉兩得**。 口感比原本稍微脆口,影片則認為有變甜的跡象,有待驗證。 對於蔬果的色澤、口感、質地、保存、二次加工有相關的需求時,也許可參考此處理方式,唯一的缺點似乎只有調溫步驟比較麻煩。 [^1]: [葉菜類的採收後生理及處理,農業部農業試驗所](https://scholars.tari.gov.tw/bitstream/123456789/3090/1/publication_no41-22.pdf) [^2]: [認識果膠,農業部農業試驗所](https://scholars.tari.gov.tw/bitstream/123456789/11282/1/journal_jts_45-8.pdf) [^3]: [食品化學申論解答](https://www.easywin.com.tw/data/License/Past_exam/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%80%E5%B8%AB/109-2/109b06.html) [^4]: [食品膠的膠凝特性及其機制](https://www.wellwiz.com.tw/food-projects/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E8%86%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%86%A0%E5%87%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6-512.html) [^5]: [不同提取方法对马铃薯果胶多糖组成特性的影响](http://sf1970.cnif.cn/CN/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.014465) [^6]: 低溫川燙對新鮮馬鈴薯加工質地的影響 [The effect of low temperature blanching on the texture of whole processed new potatoes](https://ucanr.edu/datastoreFiles/608-838.pdf) [^7]: [食品加工學](https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=02yuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA543) [^8]: [可食膜塗佈技術在輕加工蔬果的發展與應用,中興大學食品應用生科系](https://ir.lib.nchu.edu.tw/bitstream/11455/84361/1/6.pdf) [^9]: [Re:[問題] 植物細胞壁的破壞溫度](https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/cookclub/M.1525282593.A.57E.html) [^10]: 透過熱特性、動態黏彈性和酵素活性研究浸泡和蒸煮對米飯結構形成的影響 [Effect of soaking and cooking on structure formation of cooked rice through thermal properties, dynamic viscoelasticity, and enzyme activity](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030881461930559X) [^11]: [《廚房裡的美味科學》怎麼用科學方法煮出香Q白米飯?](https://youtu.be/0zj4zQOA0Bg) [^12]: 預處理及冷凍貯藏對兩種芹菜採後生物活性成分及抗氧化活性的影響 [Effects of pretreatment and freezing storage on the bioactive components and antioxidant activity of two kinds of celery after postharvest](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10060598) [^13]: [化学抑制剂对果蔬食品多酚氧化酶性质影响的研究进展](http://sf1970.cnif.cn/fileup/0253-990X/HTML/2021-4-253.shtml) [^14]: 微波和常規加熱滅活多酚氧化酶:聚焦微波的熱效應和非熱效應的研究 [Inactivation of polyphenol oxidase by microwave and conventional heating: Investigation of thermal and non-thermal effects of focused microwaves](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814620317738) [^15]: [鮮切馬鈴薯酵素性褐變成因與防制,農業部種苗改良場](https://kmweb.moa.gov.tw/knowledgebase.php?func=0&type=0&id=307339) [^16]: [不同葡萄品种多酚氧化酶酶学特性比较](https://www.spkx.net.cn/fileup/HTML/201619036.shtml) [^17]: [苹果汁的前褐变及苹果PPO的部分特性研究](http://sf1970.cnif.cn/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=18023) [^18]: 溫和熱處理對新鮮萵苣褐變的影響 [Effect of mild heat treatment on browning-related parameters in fresh-cut Iceberg lettuce](https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12906) [^19]: 多酚氧化酶 【毕导】绿豆汤究竟是红色,还是绿色?今天我来终结这个问题! https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1T9tXeREPV

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