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    # 鐵鍋與不鏽鋼鍋的使用 對鐵鍋的使用方式做一個簡易的整理 自己的使用過程: {%youtube gAVtghwPYFs %} 當鍋子表面受熱造成孔洞增大時,食物的成份,包含蛋白質、醣類等等物質容易滲入其中,受熱凝固在鐵上導致沾鍋。 如何透過油來更好的分隔食材與鍋子表面,以達到不沾的效果,就是鐵鍋使用的主要技巧。 <!-- ## 基本使用 ==鍋燒熱讓油填滿表面縫隙== 1. 鍋中燒熱到沒有水分,滴水後形成水珠,此時大約180~200度 2. 關火倒油,至少能把鍋子底部與部分側面潤到 3. 開火補上烹調需要的油量,即可下食材 --> ## 潤鍋 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SyJvbLu1C.png) ![DAS](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkpVT7b-1e.jpg) 透過加熱使孔洞膨脹,使油更好滲入鍋子表面的縫隙中,但是**太熱會導致油煙過多,甚至形成黏著的油漬** :::info :::spoiler 而且鐵鍋受熱膨脹這點 也是滿不確定的 因為看別人論文分析金屬膨脹後的晶格 其實有些比例 是受熱後孔洞周圍膨脹比較多 導致孔洞變小 微觀上更平坦 但有些比例則是受熱後 孔洞本身膨脹得比較多 最後導致孔洞變大 但是各種交叉比對後 至少在鐵這部分 應該會是孔洞變大的情況比較合理 因為有些顯微鏡下 是能看到加熱後 油更容易滲進去 總之目前實驗下來認為是加熱孔洞變大 讓油進去 ::: 通常190~220度油較容易滲入鐵鍋,且這溫度也剛好出現萊頓佛斯特現象,所以才透過水珠觀測溫度。 當油脂上下層產生溫差出現紋路([馬蘭戈尼效應](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marangoni_effect))也差不多是200~230度上下 :::success 重點是**鍋要夠熱,讓油均勻的填補表面縫隙**,隔絕物質與鐵的接觸,就能達到不沾 ::: :::info :::spoiler 補充:萊頓佛斯特、食材較大 萊頓佛斯特效應: 最主要仍然是油隔絕了鐵與物質直接接觸,而這現象本身與不沾可能有些許關係,仍有待查證。不過這個現象應該更多的是與油紋一樣,對於溫度的判斷能有個依據 而透過水珠判斷溫度時,水珠內部不該產生一堆氣泡,這代表與鍋子接觸的表面沒有馬上氣化,不夠熱,應該要是內部透明並懸浮在鍋子上,這才是需要的熱度。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1CRmswJC.png) 食材較大: 要注意食材可能碰到的範圍,都需要均勻受熱與潤鍋,不然可能中間溫度足夠,但側邊溫度不足,油並沒有滲入均勻導致沾黏。 ::: ## 使用方式 ==最主要就是加熱鍋子油滲入其中,但不使油被過度加熱== :::success 剛潤好鍋的當下,鍋溫太高>230時,也可能會沾,因為水珠瞬間加熱彈出,破壞底部油脂層,所以建議在潤好鍋後先降溫到190以下再下食材 ::: ### 方法1:正常使用 1. 鍋先均勻燒熱至200~230上下,水珠在滾 2. 倒入油潤鍋,潤鍋均勻後可以先關火、小火:<br>避免油被過度加熱,並轉動鍋子使油均勻覆蓋 3. 潤完鍋並降溫後,只需開中小火 在溫度<190的鍋溫放入食材:<br>避免火太大導致食物中的水份瞬間加熱飛濺,破壞鍋中的油脂層 ### 方法2:怕火太大或溫度不均 1. 冷鍋冷油開小火 2. 加熱至出現油紋或微煙,轉動鍋子使其分佈均勻,靜至1\~2分鐘,重複1\~3次,之後一樣中小火正常使用。<br>這樣能輕鬆的使油滲入鍋子表面 ### 方法3:熱鍋冷油 完整稱呼應該是「熱油潤鍋後再放冷油」 與方法1差不多,只是方法1要等鍋子冷,比較花時間,所以在潤完整個鍋子後,倒出熱油並額外放入冷油,即可控制鍋內溫度,速度較快。 當然也可以用方法1後,關火靜置,但就是比較費時間,如以下潤鍋範例影片: {%youtube 5KyydNWsH3k %} :::info :::spoiler 補充:鍋冷掉、冷凍/水多的食材 鍋冷掉: 只有剛洗完鍋子,裡面沒有油的時候需要特別潤鍋,而潤好的鍋就算冷掉放食材也不太影響其不沾的特性。 冷凍、水多的食材: 盡量不要放冷凍或水分過多的易沾黏食材,因為容易出水,水太多就會稀釋表面的油,增加食材與鐵的接觸機會。 所以很多會讓食材沾粉,利用**澱粉糊化能大量吸水**的特性,避免水分過多的流到鍋子內,影響油層 ::: ## 鐵鍋的開鍋 而鐵鍋開鍋的重點總結 基本上分兩階段: 1. **把出廠的防鏽油燒掉、建立氧化膜** 燒防鏽油與建立氧化膜,才是比較需要高溫燒鍋,經過刷洗並把防鏽油燒掉後,烤出氧化物薄膜,四氧化三鐵(烤藍約300多度,不過溫度不同顏色也不同),來防止生鏽 2. Seasoning **建立油膜**(非必須) 主要是油脂與氧氣作用後固化,而鐵與熱作為催化劑,通常溫度大約是200~240度C,要盡量均勻的塗抹油並保持穩定的溫度,避免單一區域積油,導致過度加熱氧化變成黑色碳化顆粒或是黏著的油漬 而通常標榜窒化處裡(滲氮)的鍋 就可以跳過步驟1 斟酌做步驟2即可 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkMIihKy0.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkPCr4OkC.png) 雖然有建立油膜的話,可以更進一步的避免食材中蛋白質等與鐵接觸導致沾黏。 不過沒有必要刻意做第2步來建立油膜,烹調時潤鍋即可應付大多需求,而油膜會在日常料理中自然建立,而且有翻炒食材的過程,比較容易均勻固化,溫度也不會過高。 :::info :::spoiler 補充:油漬、油的選擇、清洗與養鍋、油膜、不鏽鋼開鍋養鍋 油漬: 附圖中黃褐色的部分 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJ0lfN_JC.png) 當產生刷不掉油漬時,可先用小蘇打等鹼性溶液弄掉表面髒污,再用些許的酸(醋、檸檬酸)腐蝕一點鐵的表面,接續養鍋 油的選擇: 要找不飽和脂肪多的較容易氧化與聚合,例如亞麻子油、酪梨油、橄欖油,其中亞麻子油是各資料都認為效果是最好最硬的,也是乾性油中唯一的食用油,雖然除了亞麻子外,其他都相對不好建立,但平常在用的即可 <!-- 油的聚合溫度大約是240度,所以要找發煙點高(有待查證,有看到說發煙點低開鍋較快) --> 清洗與養鍋: 通常沒沾黏髒污,用稀釋的中性清潔劑+海綿或菜瓜布稍微洗過即可,洗完鍋子後抹上薄薄一層油,均勻的加熱,稍微燒到冒煙或是感覺快冒煙就可以關火放涼(約180~200度左右),重複1\~3次即可,但其實也沒很必要,除非不常用。 建立油膜: 黑色的油膜就是氧化聚合硬化後的油,跟一般的積碳、油漬主要差別在均勻度。均勻的上一層薄油用中小火空燒會冒出大量的煙,接著浮現油漬咖啡色(固化不完全),繼續燒到沒煙了,或者煙量極小時再關火,透過高溫氣化那些沾黏的油漬,這樣就是一層油膜,當油已經聚合固化,放涼後摸起來應該要是順滑的,這才是正常的油膜,若有黏黏的感覺,代表溫度控制有問題,每次塗的油越薄越好,較不容易變成油漬。 而剛開完鍋油膜建立後,可用清潔劑刷洗一次把表面碳化的髒污或多餘的油污去除,接著重複擦油養鍋的過程1~3次即可 亞麻子油的聚合物真得很像塑膠,真正的聚合物是沒那麼容易被中性清潔劑清掉 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1Vwwy4gJl.png) 不鏽鋼鍋不用開鍋與養鍋: 最主要是 1.有鉻與鎳就沒必要多塗一層油或是烤籃來防鏽了 2.不鏽鋼親油性較差,油膜比較無法像鐵鍋那樣聚合在表面(詳細待查) ::: :::info :::spoiler 瓦斯爐與烤箱建立油膜的差異 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkvlj4dy0.png) - 瓦斯爐: 鐵本身導熱並沒有很好,較容易因為局部溫度過高,導致加熱不均/聚合不均,過度氧化而形成油漬,所以需要熱鍋後關火,或一直轉鍋子來平均溫度,並一直擦去多餘的油,使聚化均勻 - 烤箱: 先微熱鍋擦油,再把多的油擦掉,若怕沒擦乾淨可以將鍋子倒放進烤箱使油滴到下面,用230度烤40~60分,因為溫度穩定也有足夠的時間使油具合,相較瓦斯爐更容易,但須要有足夠大的烤箱 ::: ## 結論 最主要是透過油脂隔絕鐵與加熱後容易凝聚沾黏的物質,透過潤鍋來填滿表面縫隙。 開鍋只要能燒掉防鏽油就是完成,油膜是否建立、以及養鍋都不是必須。 實際使用時鍋熱放油,充分潤鍋後再下食材,要注意的是潤鍋溫度比較高(220度),需降溫到適合放食材的溫度(<190度 避免高溫下水氣爆出破壞油層),最後就是控制食物的水分,避免過多的水分影響油層(看是要加澱粉糊化吸水、風乾等等)。 但不論再怎麼處理,都比不上不沾鍋的塗層,各有特性,取決於用途。 :::info :::spoiler 關於清潔劑洗鍋與養鍋 鐵鍋跟不鏽鋼鍋都一樣,真正影響沾不沾的關鍵,就是最開始的潤鍋 而所謂的熱水沖刷不要洗各種說法,以及燒乾塗油養鍋,其實都只是在「預先潤鍋」而已 燒乾塗油加熱到冒煙,這過程完全跟潤鍋一樣,而會這樣做的好處是,隔天就能直接用了,還能順便防鏽,但其實本質跟先高溫潤鍋後,再放到冷掉,是一模一樣的事情 所以每次用完正常過清潔劑都是沒問題的,而且除非超過一兩週不會用,不然洗完正常燒乾不上油也沒問題 至於油膜確實會在潤鍋過程建立一點,但不是亞麻子油的話,大多只是順便,沒有追求的話,好好潤過就可以 ::: ## References - [tis the seasoning](https://genuineideas.com/ArticlesIndex/castironseasoning.html) - [wikipedia 乾性油](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B9%BE%E6%80%A7%E6%B2%B9) - [Chemistry of Cast Iron Seasoning: A Science-Based How-To](https://sherylcanter.com/wordpress/2010/01/a-science-based-technique-for-seasoning-cast-iron/) - [Science of Cast Iron Skillet Cooking](https://www.scienceofcooking.com/science-of-cast-iron-skillet-cooking.html) - [How to Season a Cast Iron Pan](https://www.seriouseats.com/how-to-season-cast-iron-pans-skillets-cookware) - [The Truth About Cast Iron Pans: 7 Myths That Need To Go Away](https://www.seriouseats.com/the-truth-about-cast-iron) - [Reddit:Iron oxide/rust fine powder as a catalyst to increase the thickness of individual layers during seasoning](https://www.reddit.com/r/castiron/comments/xtq5eu/iron_oxiderust_fine_powder_as_a_catalyst_to/) - [Reddit:The Science of Seasoning Cast Iron](https://www.reddit.com/r/castiron/comments/113w4xt/the_science_of_seasoning_cast_iron/) - [Reddit:How does polymerized oil bind to the cast iron surface?](https://www.reddit.com/r/castiron/comments/t93sdb/how_does_polymerized_oil_bind_to_the_cast_iron/) - [Heavy Metal: the Science of Cast Iron Cooking](https://cookingissues.com/2010/02/16/heavy-metal-the-science-of-cast-iron-cooking/) - [the science of cast iron](https://devilsfoodkitchen.com/2018/04/14/the-science-of-cast-iron/) - [Simple rules for cast iron care](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bZVk0LpilM) - [怪自己!别再怪锅了!保姆级教程一次性解决锅类难题...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaj0EBhJMw) - [不沾鍋(上集)科學原理?怎麼挑選?如何養鍋?各種類型一次看懂!](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn1c2Vu2PyQ) - [為何鐵鍋需要「開鍋、養鍋」? 學會鐵鍋的材料科學!](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7R1L3JgYKMk) - [科学防粘锅(下)不锈钢锅、不粘锅](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Kt4y1q7pm/) - [铁锅开锅,是科学还是玄学?](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1bV4y1s7vE) - [Seasoning Chinese cooking pans: The nanoscience behind the Kitchen God's blessing](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589965120300416) - [铁锅开锅有必要吗?什么原理? - 知乎](https://www.zhihu.com/question/305634554) - [铁锅开锅 铁锅翻新 和 铁锅保养](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xb0z5c_v6c) - [亂煮-不鏽鋼鍋不沾(煎蛋),要多油?要高溫?直接操作給你看。](https://youtu.be/5KyydNWsH3k?si=qic9v9irk61xwDEN) - [The Leidenfrost Effect](https://www.kurzinstruments.com/Blog/Leidenfrost-effect) - [遇見化學 油理油趣─淺談食油(Food oil)的化學](https://www.ch.ntu.edu.tw/News_Content_n_76120_s_82801.html) - [不锈钢锅也能不粘?硬核解析粘锅的底层原理](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1yhpjeKETT/) - Modernist Cuisine: The Art and Science of Cooking - 食物與廚藝 <!-- 加熱後鐵鍋的微觀下真的是孔洞放大? 還是有什麼其他因素使得油能滲入? 蛋白質跟鐵容易沾黏的機轉到底是什麼? 油膜的聚合背後到底發生什麼反應? 是什麼因素導致鐵鍋與不鏽鋼鍋在親油性上有如此差別? -->

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