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    # Timing Attack 從入門到發現沒時間了 - Allen Chou {%hackmd @HITCON/r1cl60dRc %} ###### tags: `HITCON2022`,`HITCON` > 簡報到前五分鐘才做完 QQ > [name=Allen Chou] [簡報連結](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q1ElgmwTq6Ji7br0tacQoRiMzyfoouY8/view?usp=sharing) ## Timing attack - 比對: 字串長度,字串長度錯了會直接退出,長度是對的會再執行久一點 ```python! SECRET = 'secretkey' def check(s): if len(s) != len(SECRET): return False else: for a,b in zip(s, SECRET): if a != b: return False return True ``` > 舉例: 因為字串逐字比對所造成執行時間上的差異,此差異可能洩漏許多資訊 * 是一種 [side-channel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-channel_attack) - 用電腦本身而非演算法來找出漏洞 #### 上述問題 * 不同輸入執行時間不同 * 長度不對時,執行時間一樣 * 長度對但內容不對時,執行時間與前幾個字相同有關 ### 字串比對 * 幾乎所有 Database system 都使用 memcmp 比較字串,有timing attack問題,隨便寫個比較就可能有洞 > 真的發生過攻擊,不是我在唬爛 > [name=Allen Chou] ### Padding Oracle <!-- 我是密碼學菜雞QQ --> ## Noise > 你以為 timing attack 的時間差異很好判別,實際上都擠在一起 * noise 太大,很難找到有用的資訊 可能問題來自於: - 網路延遲 - CPU 高負載 - I/O - etc. * naive approach - 直接取平均比較 - 當執行時間變長分佈會變廣,難以比較 - p-value test - 執行時間不是 normal distribution QQ 這是我的結果(執行 100000 次的時間加總)(長度 時間) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rylGdppC5.png) * Mann-Whitney U test * 可以比較各種 distribution * 慢: O(n^2) * KS-test * Box-test * 不需要比較整個distribution,只看比較快的結果 * 取一個"box" $P(lb),P(ub)$ (P(x)為xth percentile),若兩個distribution的box沒有重疊就當作不同的distribution * lb,ub要自己調 QQ ### 基於 rank-sum 概念的 classifier 1. 每個可能的值都 request 一次,排名時間 2. 重複前一步 N 次,取排名的平均 3. 把你的排名平均拿去排名 ## 如何解決 Timing Attack 1. 不同 input 會有不同的執行時間 - 使用 Constant time: 避免 Fast-failing - [結果還是被 compiler 優化 code (重新加入 fast-failing)](#如何被-compiler-&-cpu-背刺) 2. input 是使用者可控的 - 在運算前先檢查input的integrity - 結果又創造了另一個Timing Attack機會 3. 可以聽到有效的 timing leakage - 加上 random noise ? - 攻擊者多測幾次就好,同時會造成效能地獄 - 可能不小心做出別的side-channel :::success 最好用別人寫好的程式(Library) ::: ### 如何被 compiler & cpu 背刺 * compiler 非常擅長 optimization,可能在過程中把你拿掉的side-channel放回去 * 高階語言中的一行code可能不是constant time * e.g. short-circuit evaluation (e.g. python 的 and) * CPU 的 speculative execution 可能重新製造 side-channel * e.g. CPU branch prediction, CPU以為每次這個if都會true,但如果突然來一個false,就需要pipeline flush,導致執行時間變長 -> timing attack * Virtual address 在隔壁的位址可能 physical address 差很遠 ## 結論 ::: success > 超級重要的結論:不要自己實作密碼學演算法 >[name=Allen Chou] ::: * 密碼學很難,交給懂得人去處理就好

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