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    # 脂肪酸代謝 Fatty Acid Catabolism ## A. 身體內的脂肪分解為脂肪酸 - 脂肪細胞儲存動物體內的脂肪,主要由**triacylglycerols**構成。 - 激發脂肪酸分解的訊號: **adrenaline**、**glucagon**以及**ACTH**。 - 路徑: ![](https://i.imgur.com/8stTtDI.png =700x) 1. 賀爾蒙訊號與脂肪細胞表面的受體結合。 2. **Adenylyl cyclase**透過G protein的活化使ATP轉化為**cAMP**,隨後cAMP活化了**PKA (Protein kinase A)**。 3. PKA磷酸化**hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)**,使其活化。 4. PKA磷酸化位於脂肪細胞內油滴表面的**perilipin**,使其活化。 5. 被磷酸活化的perilipin使原本在其表面的**CGI-58**脫離,隨後激發**adipose triacylglycerol lipase (ATGL)**。 6. 活化態的ATGL將triacylglycerol轉化為diacylglycerol。 7. 活化的HSL與活化的perilipin將diacylglycerol轉化為monoacylglycerol。 8. 將monoacylglycerol透過**monoacylglycerol lipase(MGL)** 水解,將剩下的脂肪酸與甘油分離。 10. 與甘油脫離的脂肪酸們脫離了脂肪細胞,進入血液與**serum albumin**結合。 11. 脂肪酸們跟albumin脫離,透過fatty acid transporter進入肌肉。 12. 經過轉換,脂肪酸被氧化 ($\beta$-氧化) 為CO~2~,能量以ATP形式儲存。 :::info :bulb:酵素、名詞整理: 1. **Adenylyl cyclase** 2. **Protein kinase A (PKA)** 3. **Lipase**: 以三酸甘油脂逐步脫去脂肪酸的順序排列。 - **Adipose triacylglycerol lipase (ATGL)** - **Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)** - **Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL)** 4. **perilipin** 5. **CGI-58** 6. **Serum albumin** ::: ## B. 飲食的脂肪分解為脂肪酸 - 12指腸進行。 - **Pancreatic lipase**切**C-1**跟**C-3**。 - **Intestinal lipases**切**C-2**。 - 短鏈脂肪酸直接進入淋巴管,長鏈脂肪酸需要**膽鹽 bile salt**幫忙把疏水的脂肪酸變得容易進入淋巴管內。 ## C. 脂肪酸的分解 ### a. 偶數碳飽和脂肪酸分解 - 脂肪酸分解的主要方式為在$\beta$-carbon先氧化,之後切開$\alpha$跟$\beta$碳之間的鍵,稱為$\beta$-氧化。 - 重複這個過程,最終產**acetyl-CoA**。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/0LBt2ql.png =700x) <center style = "color:#909090;text-decoration:underline">$\beta$-氧化</center> - 短鏈脂肪酸於粒線體進行;太長的的會於過氧化體進行。 - 氧化前處理: 1. 脂肪酸必須先與**SCoA**結合,稱為**acyl CoA** (不是Acetyl- CoA),此為活化訊號。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/VPdycD1.png =700x) - **acyl-CoA synthetase**負責。 - 長鏈在粒線體外膜,短鍊在粒線體基質。 - 消耗ATP。 2. 長鏈脂肪酸在粒線體外膜被活化後仍需被運送至基質繼續氧化,由於太常需要一些改造才能進入粒線體基質,由carnitine負責。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/PDhcQ8s.png =700x) - **Carnitine acyltransferase I**負責將Acyl CoA接上carnitine,使其能自己穿過粒線體外膜。 - 透過**translocase**穿過內膜。 - **Carnitine acyltransferasee II**負責將acyl CoA復原,脫下來的carnitine再回去間質繼續工作。 - 氧化過程: ![](https://i.imgur.com/ajI2HM1.png =700x) 1. **Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases**負責第一個步驟產生**enol-CoA**。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/XP8sSJk.png) <center style = "color:#909090;text-decoration:underline">FADH~2~進入電子傳遞鍊中,注意ETF以及CoQ的角色</center> - 所有Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases都與**FAD**有非共價連結。 - 產生一個FADH~2~,可跑到電子傳遞鍊裡產生ATP。 2. **Enol-CoA hydratase (crotonase)**負責第二個步驟產生**L-hydroxyacyl-CoA**。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/CKA8lc3.png) - 加水。 3. **L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase**氧化L-hydroxyacyl-CoA產生$\beta$**-ketoacyl-CoA**。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/8TRcGOY.png) - 需要NAD^+^當輔酶,並且過程中產生NADH;每個NADH可以在電子傳遞鍊產生**2.5ATP**。 4. **Ketoacyl thiolase**在$\beta$-ketoacyl-CoA上加上**CoA-SH**產生**acetyl-CoA**以及**acyl-CoA**,完成氧化四步驟,剩下的acyl-CoA繼續步驟。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/CyTL4yH.png =390x) - 以棕梠酸為例: - 整個過程會產生8個acetyl-CoA,如果全部進入TCA cycle會產生10個ATP。 - 產生7個FADH^2^、7個NADH以及7個H^+^。 - 總共產108個ATP。 - 其中2個ATP被消耗,因為在前處理過程中ATP變成AMP等價兩個ATP被消耗。 - 棕梠酸純燃燒產9790kJ/mol,身體氧化產3233kJ/mol,效率大約3成。 ### b. 奇數碳飽和脂肪酸分解 - 基數碳的脂肪酸氧化到最後會產生3個碳的**propionyl CoA**,這樣的情形需要將其轉換為**succinyl CoA**進入TCA cycle。 - 過程: ![](https://i.imgur.com/JFLDuF6.png) 1. Propionyl-CoA的$\alpha$碳的carbonxylation,產生**D-methylmalonyl-CoA**。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/BHXnQDM.png ) - 透過**biotin-dependent** enzyme,**propionyl-CoA carboxylase**催化。 - 涉及**ATP水解**。 2. D-methylmalonyl-CoA透過**methylmalonyl-CoA**轉換為L form,產生**L-methylmalonyl-CoA**。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/uXOa4vR.png) 4. 透過**methylmalonyl-CoA**把L-methylmalonyl-CoA的**carbonyl-CoA**換位置,產生**succinyl-CoA**。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/kAZSO3I.png) - 需要 **vitamin B~12~** 當輔酶。 - 產生的succinyl-CoA會進入TCA cycle中,的糖質新生步驟。 - 如果要完全進入TCA cycle,則需要變成**pyruvate**。 - 先轉換為**malate**接著被從粒線體基質轉送到細胞質;接著malate被氧化成**pyruvate**以及CO~2,這個pyruvate就能再被送回粒線體基質進行TCA cycle了。 ### c. 不飽和脂肪酸的分解 - 不飽和脂肪酸首先經過數次氧化將雙鍵前的單鍵都切開,接著透過**enoyl-CoA isomerase**幫助分解,分為兩種狀況,以oleoyl-CoA為例: - 雙鍵在**3號碳**以及**4號碳**上: ![](https://i.imgur.com/noHz3V6.png ) 產物就可以進入氧化的第二步驟。 - 雙鍵在**4號碳**以及**5號碳**上: ![](https://i.imgur.com/1Hd3tUg.png) 與前者不同在於其涉及了**acyl-CoA dehydrogenase**以及**2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase**兩種酵素。 - 兩種狀況混合時就見招拆招。 ### d. 過氧化體的脂肪酸分解 - 當脂肪酸鍊太長(至少8個碳)無法進入粒線體時會進入過氧化體進行分解。 - 產生較少的ATP,因為FADH~2~沒有進入電子傳遞鍊。 - 由**FAD-dependent acyl-CoA oxidase**催化 (在原本粒線體中這個過程是以acyl CoA dehydrogenase催化) ![](https://i.imgur.com/Mv6bJLT.png) - 電子接受者是O~2~而非電子傳遞鍊。 - 與粒線體中氧化的比較 ![](https://i.imgur.com/ZGYfaT7.png) ### e. 有支鍊的脂肪酸分解: $\alpha$-氧化 - 脂肪酸的支鍊通常出現在奇數碳上面,這並不是$\beta$-氧化的好受質,因此進行$\alpha$-氧化。 - 以phytanic acid為例: 1. **Phytanic acid $\alpha$-hydroxylase**以及**phytanic acid $\alpha$-oxidase**先進行氧化 ![](https://i.imgur.com/I286CeY.png) 2. 接著acyl-CoA synthase參與,產生**propionyl-CoA**、**isobutyryl-CoA**以及**acetyl-CoA**;前兩個產物可以變成**succinyl-CoA**進入TCA。 ### f. $\omega$-氧化: 偶而出現 - 發生於肝臟以及腎臟的ER。 - 最後一個碳的氧化。 - 需要**cytochrome P-450**,而其又需要**NADPH**。 - 過程概述,不用記: ![](https://i.imgur.com/UDrN0ko.png) ## D. 酮體 Ketone Bodies - 肝臟中粒線體氧化脂肪酸時產生的Acetyl-CoA不一定會進入TCA cycle,取而代之的是產生**acetone**, **acetoacetate**以及$\beta$**-hydroxybutyrate**。 - 原因: 比較容易運送。 - 這三個酮體只存在於肝臟裡的粒線體**基質**。 - 被運送至所需地點後被轉化為acetyl-CoA。 - 提供**腦**、**心臟**以及**骨骼肌**能量。 - 酮體產生步驟,請注意產生的三個酮體: ![](https://i.imgur.com/vHz62od.png =700x) - 糖尿病相關: 酮症 ![](https://i.imgur.com/RUdqN0t.png =700x)<center style = "color:#909090;text-decoration:underline">酮症成因,與糖尿病無法將血糖儲存有關</center> ###### tags: `Biochemistry` {%hackmd BkVfcTxlQ %}

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