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--- tags : python --- # DAY 14 函式應用( 2 ) ## 傳入任意數量的引數到函式 有時候我們不知道函式預先需要接收多少個引數,這時候我可以使用**一個星號**來建立空多元組,或**兩個星號**建立空字典,我們就先直接來看範例吧 ! * 一個星號(建立空多元組) 範例如下 : ```python= def get_name(*names): # *names參數中的星號會讓python建立一個名字為names的空多元組 for name in names: print("hello,"+name) get_name("bonny","steven") get_name("jack") get_name("rose","john","jane") ``` 輸出結果 : ```python hello,bonny hello,steven hello,jack hello,rose hello,john hello,jane ``` :bulb: 如果上述的程式碼沒有for迴圈那行,那麼程式碼就會出錯,因為for迴圈的工作是把多元組裡的值一一輸出出來,所以如果沒有for迴圈那行而直接印出的話,是印出多元組而不是印出接收到的字串值,多元組是不能跟字串相加的,所以它會跑出下列這種錯誤 >TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "tuple") to str * 兩個星號(建立空字典) 範例如下 : ```python= def users(first_name,last_name,**user_info): # **user_info參數中的星號會讓python建立一個名字為user_info的空字典 user={} user["first"]=first_name # 將first_name新增至user字典 user["last"]=last_name # 將last_name新增至user字典 for key,value in user_info.items(): # 用迴圈遍訪user_info裡的鍵值對並將其新增至user字典 user[key]=value return user user1=users("bonny","chang",city="taipei") print(user1) user2=users("steven","chang",city="taoyuan") print(user2) ``` 輸出結果 : ```python {'first': 'bonny', 'last': 'chang', 'city': 'taipei'} {'first': 'steven', 'last': 'chang', 'city': 'taoyuan'} ``` ## 將函式存到模組中 函式的優點是他們可以跟主程式分開放置,所以將函式儲存在一個獨立的檔案中,這個檔案就稱為**模組** * ==匯入整個模組== import name會讓python在執行這行指令時開啟name.py檔,並將其都複製到get_name.py檔中,這樣get_name.py檔才可以用get_name函式,呼叫函式的用法是給定模組名稱和函式名稱,中間以句號(.)分隔連接就可以了! ↓ name.py檔 ```python= def get_name(*names): for name in names: print("hello,"+name) ``` ↓ get_name.py檔 ```python= import name name.get_name("bonny") name.get_name("jack","rose") ``` 輸出結果 : ```python hello,bonny hello,jack hello,rose ``` * ==使用as為模組指定別名== 使用as其實只是為模組取一個叫短的別名,方便我們使用 ↓ name.py檔 ```python= def get_name(*names): for name in names: print("hello,"+name) ``` ↓ get_name.py檔 ```python= import name as n n.get_name("bonny") n.get_name("jack","rose") ``` 輸出結果 : ```python hello,bonny hello,jack hello,rose ``` * ==匯入特定函式== 假如name.py檔裡有兩個函式,但我們只需要get_name函式時,我們就要匯入特定函式,如果想要匯入多個函式,可以用逗號分隔,呼叫的方式不用再寫出模組名稱,只需要給定函式名稱就好 ↓ name.py檔 ```python= def get_name(*names): for name in names: print("hello,"+name) def get_city(*cities): for city in cities: print(city) ``` ↓ get_name.py檔 ```python= from name import get_name get_name("bonny") get_name("jack","rose") ``` 輸出結果 : ```python hello,bonny hello,jack hello,rose ``` * ==使用as為函式指定別名== ↓ name.py檔 ```python= def get_name(*names): for name in names: print("hello,"+name) def get_city(*cities): for city in cities: print(city) ``` ↓ get_name.py檔 ```python= from name import get_name as gn gn("bonny") gn("jack","rose") ``` 輸出結果 : ```python hello,bonny hello,jack hello,rose ``` * ==匯入模組中所有函式== 用星號( * )運算子可以讓python匯入模組中所有的函式 ↓ name.py檔 ```python= def get_name(*names): for name in names: print("hello,"+name) def get_city(*cities): for city in cities: print(city) ``` ↓ get_name.py檔 ```python= from name import * get_name("bonny") get_city("taipei") ``` 輸出結果 : ```python hello,bonny taipei ``` #### 今天結束,各位明天見 :hand: *** 資料來源:<<python程式設計的樂趣>>-Eric Matthes著/H&C譯

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