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    <!-- 有待完善,有空記得整理完整的豬雞牛魚"屠體死後變化" 僵直前:似乎會說比較甜 應該是一些東西還沒被酵素分解 --> <!-- 相關: - [如何改變肉的口感](/RxicLuppQm-rTZhak7xDpw) - [熟成在做什麼](/3iQM-sB0Q1Cnyq6cB2SJMQ) - [關於蛋白質等電點](/MY0hFAolTqijf2Qqrlo41g) --> ## 前言 這一系列報告對於魚類的肌肉組成與死後變化講解非常詳細,淺顯易懂由淺入深,且同樣部分適用於雞豬牛(差異主要在組成比例不同) 邱思魁Tze-Kuei Chiou 國立臺灣海洋大學生命科學院食品科學系: - [魚貝類的化學組成與其死後變化](https://fs.ntou.edu.tw/var/file/73/1073/attach/36/pta_28166_7336578_66272.pdf) - [海產食品的品質與其貯藏中腐敗的起因](https://fer.ntou.edu.tw/var/file/96/1096/img/554/FER201904902.pdf) - [魚貝類肌肉死後及貯藏中的變化](https://fs.ntou.edu.tw/var/file/73/1073/attach/36/pta_34710_1202190_05595.pdf) - [魚類肌肉的構造及組成與其死後蛋白質水解引起的變化](https://fs.ntou.edu.tw/var/file/73/1073/attach/36/pta_34711_9709976_05595.pdf) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1FMPQrrR.png) ## 魚的死後變化 > 引用自 硬核烹饪指南06期:一张图搞清“熟成”的本质 [^1] > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Skt3Wa7BR.png) > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkva-6mSA.png) > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJGJMp7B0.png) > 引用自 水產食品冷凍學 [^2] > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyKXXHFha.png) >引用自 動物原料死後之變化與低溫的關係[^3] > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hk4dXHK36.png) 死後僵直主因有兩種: 1. 肌肉收縮:魚類死亡後 ATP會緩慢分解成ADP,ADP再和肌酸磷酸反應轉回ATP 當肌酸磷酸被消耗時(被誰消耗?),ATP就會開始快速下降,導致細胞膜的肌質網的鈣泵開啟,**造成大量鈣離子進入細胞,引發肌肉收縮**,開始進入僵直期 2. 醣解:會導致乳酸的蓄積並降低肌肉的 pH,使蛋白質淨電荷減少,容易凝聚而降低保水使其僵直,而1、2的反應是相輔相成(魚類肌肉的構造及組成與其死後蛋白質水解引起的變化p15、[關於蛋白質等電點](/MY0hFAolTqijf2Qqrlo41g)) > 引用自 漁獲物保鮮處理與品質指標p9[^4] > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJU4tVtna.png) 消耗能量的過程,會逐漸產出鮮味成分肌酐酸(IMP),所以僵直期剛結束,應該就是魚最鮮甜的時候,但口感不見得最好 能量消耗完分解的差不多後,僵直期結束,這時蛋白酶反應就會主導,開始使肌聯蛋白等肌肉間的結合力與組織力下降,pH也逐漸提高,開始使魚肉恢復柔軟,稱為熟成,但在這熟成的期間,鮮味的IMP成分也在逐漸被分解,**熟成應該就是要抓的風味與口感的平衡點** > 引用自 漁獲物保鮮處理與品質指標p4[^4] > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1-H_EF26.png) 而屠宰時對魚造成的掙扎越多,就會消耗掉越多ATP,導致僵直期時間縮短 所以神經締大幅降低魚的掙扎,最大保留ATP,可以延緩整體降解的速度,也就是讓僵直期延長,同時也能讓降解過程中釋放出的鮮味來源之一的肌苷酸(IMP)停留的時間長一些,不會太快從鮮味生成腐味 所以神經締主要用處,應該就是在保鮮,延長僵直期的過程,也讓後續處理更能掌握魚的處理狀態 活締可參考: [神經締 活締 手把手教學](https://youtu.be/SVQnLCn3wDU?si=srygvRAjUPkLbtoA) :::info :::spoiler 屠宰與保存衍伸則會有(待整理) > 水樣肉PSE: 肉的保存溫度太高的狀態時 會導致pH下降過過快 使纖維收縮過度 水分大量流失 進而得到蒼白且不保水的肉 > > 暗乾肉DFD: 屠宰時動物活動過大 消耗太多ATP、糖源 使得糖酵解不足 沒有產生乳酸 pH下降幅度小 此時肉的保水能力比預期更多 所以得到顏色更深、風味較差的肉 > > 需要pH值得合理緩和 才會有適當的肉質 > 不過在現代台灣屠宰場 大多都有合理處置 只要冷鏈完善就有不錯的豬肉與雞肉(不過關於屠體降溫還有分氣冷雨水冷) > 且除了屠宰與保存以外,會透過遺傳育種挑選不易緊迫的豬隻來避免發生 > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r14zkSmrA.png) > ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1Ij1BXS0.png) ::: ## 雜物 同理也可用在豬、雞、牛的電宰等處裡,原理大致類似 漁獲的神經締與豬牛雞的電宰為相同原理,只是台灣目前似乎還不像日本那樣對魚類的宰殺有所規範,所以普通人在漁獲上要能獲得與電宰雞豬相同的品質,似乎稍有難度 [^1]:硬核烹饪指南06期:一张图搞清“熟成”的本质,腊肉、火腿、一夜干、干式熟成、湿式熟成全解析 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1tt4y1P7TH/ [^2]:水產食品冷凍學 https://www2.nkust.edu.tw/~ikuojm/lecture.html [^3]:第六章動物原料死後之變化與低溫的關係 https://www2.nkust.edu.tw/~ikuojm/file2/1-6.pdf [^4]:漁獲物保鮮處理與品質指標 https://fs.ntou.edu.tw/var/file/73/1073/attach/73/pta_42573_1313643_16473.pdf

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