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    ###### tags: `PCB` [TOC] # PCB(Printed Circuit Board)基礎知識 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkLZUPwFC.png =40%x) ## 定義與材料組成 - 組裝電子零件使用的基板,以板上的銅箔連接形成電路 - 基板最常使用FR-4等級作為材料,多為玻璃纖維與環氧樹脂混和物 ## PCB結構 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S10zTcPYA.png) - **層數** - 電路板由銅箔與基板疊加而成 - 單面板 : **銅**-基材 - 雙面板 : **銅**-基材-**銅**-基材-**銅** - 多面板(偶數層,張力平衡需求) : **銅**-基材-**銅**-....-**銅**-基材-**銅** - **過孔 (Via)** - 主要用於連接不同層的電路或固定,不用於焊接 - **通孔 (Through-Hole Via)** : - 貫穿所有層 - PTH (Plated-Through-Hole) : 通孔內鍍有銅,可連接不同層電路 - NPTH (Non-Plated-Through-Hole) : 孔內無鍍銅,for 機械固定使用,可能是加工需要或電路板的鎖點使用 - **盲、埋孔** : - 用於多層板,過孔無完全貫穿電路板,可能在內部或僅從外層穿到中間層 - **焊盤 (Pad)** - 焊接並固定、連接元件用 - 表面安裝焊盤 (SMD Pad)用於貼片元件 - 通孔焊盤 (Through-Hole Pad)用於直插式元件,中間有通孔穿過,孔可選擇是否要鍍銅 - [通孔焊盤與一般通孔區別](https://bbs.elecfans.com/jishu_1696179_1_1.html) - **阻焊層 (Solder Mask)** - 在電路板最外覆蓋銅箔的一層,用於保護銅箔(氧化、短路、焊接失誤等等) - 通常為綠色,俗稱綠漆 - 有時過孔可以覆蓋阻焊層,但焊盤絕對不行 - **絲印 (Silk screen)** - 主要功能是在電路板上做各種標註,方便辨識用 # Altium Designer使用 - [官方影片Altium Designer 19《PCB基礎課程》](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmCC-U72tFV54NJ8kK1GG1ZembxTVsgYn) - [官方影片Altium Designer 19《電路圖基礎課程》](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmCC-U72tFV4N_LsQRHTYEsj32y8Xmcv4&si=6alkS_2EdjTGFci4) - 17版可參考曲靖淳學長錄製的影片 # PCB 設計 with Altium Designer ## 大致設計流程 0. **新增四個檔案並儲存** - .PcbLib (如果需要) - .SchLib (如果需要) - .SchDoc - .PcbDoc 1. **確認需要的電路元件與使用的封裝 (Footprint)** - 如果預設零件庫沒有對應元件,則需要自定義並加入到自己的.SchLib與.PcbLib檔 - .SchLib放元件符號(原理圖中使用),.PcbLib放使用的封裝(PCB佈局使用) - 為了讓軟體從原理圖的符號連接直接生成佈局的封裝連接,.SchLib中的每個元件都綁著一個.PcbLib內的封裝,記得確認是否綁定正確 - 示例 : 不同元件可能互為: 相同電路符號a、a,相同封裝c、c : 原理圖中可用同一個元件 - a綁c 相同電路符號a、a,不同封裝c、d : 原理圖中用兩個元件 - a綁c、a綁d 不同電路符號a、b,相同封裝c、c : 原理圖中用兩個元件 - a綁c、b綁c 不同電路符號a、b,不同封裝c、d : 原理圖中用兩個元件 - a綁c、b綁d - 元件符號與封裝的綁定需注意腳位的編號順序是否與實體一致、 4. **原理圖 (Schematic Diagram) 設計** - 原理圖僅針對電路元件和電氣連接做展示,以符號、標註表示元件與特定訊號接線,不需考慮物理尺寸和具體佈局 - Altium 的 .SchDoc檔就是設計原理圖的地方,從預設零件庫或.SchLib檔引入需要的零件 - 記得確認電氣連接、元件引腳編號、接口 (Port)和網路標籤 (Net Label)等是否都正確 4. **PCB佈局 (PCB Layout) 設計** - Altium 的 .PcbDoc檔就是設計PCB佈局的地方 - 設置設計規則 (Design Rule) - 設置板材大小和形狀 - 用altium從原理圖連接生成封裝連接 - 考慮[信號完整性](#PCB-Layout與信號完整性)、製造限制等擺放元件、佈線 (Routing) 與鋪銅 (Copper Pour),同時需要考慮物理尺寸和具體佈局是否合理,譬如正反面與元件位置、焊接方向等等 - 用設計規則做檢查(Design Rule Check) 4. **製造檔案輸出 (Gerber Files)** - 輸出PCB加工需要的檔案 ## 其他Altium 或 Layout知識 - Altium 技巧 - [Altium Designer - 電路板設計規則錯誤與設定](http://science-boy-not-difficult.blogspot.com/2018/10/altium-designer.html) - PCB轉NC Drill時,若同時有兩種形狀的孔時,會出現兩個Text文字檔,會使得刻電路的程式不能讀取 - PCB檔keep out line 沒有畫完整,會導致電路板鑽孔時歪斜 - 自己找 - Layout 知識 - PCB layout 英制常用 inch (2.54cm) 或 mil (0.001 inch) - PCB layout資源分享 - [有很多library,要用到的話可以先到上面找找看,不過記得還是稍微檢查一下尺寸和腳位編號。](https://www.snapeda.com/home/) - PCB設計時銅箔厚度,走線寬度和電流的關係 - 實驗室目前所購買之銅箔為0.5盎司(2022/08/22更新)數據來源:MIL-STD-275 Printed Wiring for Electronic Equipment,線寬單位:Inch - [PCB 走線寬度計算器](https://www.digikey.tw/zh/resources/conversion-calculators/conversion-calculator-pcb-trace-width) - ![](https://i.imgur.com/aH2eoNh.png =50%x) ## # PCB Layout與信號完整性 - 信號完整性問題為一大研究課題,無考慮信號完整性下設計的電路板會經常發生難以解釋的"靈異事件",那你只能請<font color="#1adb21">乖乖</font>了 - 有這類問題的原因多為電磁干擾、信號反射造成,這些能在Layout時避免 - 新訓遵守最常見的佈線[角度限制](https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1819784)即可,即盡量以鈍角走線,製作其他高速電路板時可參考王老師的信號完整性課程與講義 # 實驗室雕刻機與設計注意事項 - 實驗室雕刻機最多只能做雙層板,且通孔或通孔焊盤無法鍍銅,需達到孔內鍍銅效果,可將孔以鐵絲穿過焊接連接上下層板,但此方法表示該孔無法置於元件正下方 - 由於實驗室製作使用雕刻方式消除銅箔,因此銅線的寬度與現場鑽頭調適相關,銅線的最小寬度受到一定的限制,設計時須注意 - Gerber Files生成選取Top、Botton、Keep out三層檔案,外加生成鑽頭檔案NC Drill Files # 新生訓練Layout項目說明 ## 項目(1) : 請依規格自行 layout 出燒錄轉接板 - 材料 1. 10k 電阻 2. 排針 1*2 3. 排針 1*4 4. 排針 2*5 - footprint 1. AXIAL-0.4 2. HDR 1X2 3. HDR 1X4 4. HDR 2X5 - 電路圖 ![LINE_ALBUM_教學文件_240801_1](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HykwN1dK0.jpg =80%x) <br> ## 項目(2) : 請自行 layout 出以下功能的擴充板 - 材料 1. 七段顯示器 2. 蜂鳴器 5mm (無源) 3. 四顆按鈕(pull up x2、pull down x2) 4. 可變電阻 5. 伺服馬達 6. 直流馬達腳位輸出 - footprint 1. LED-SEG-TH_HDSP-A 2. KEY-TH_4P-L6.0-W6.0-P4.50-LS7.5 - 電路圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/RZoFkSY.jpg)

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