SITCON
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    --- GA: UA-34467841-15 --- 縱剖執行檔結構 Towards an Anatomy of Executables - Frank Lin === <blockquote> 本講題簡介 executable 是怎麼經過 toolchain 生成,簡介 ELF 格式,static linking 以及 dynamic linking。如果你平常都是透過 gcc a.c來編譯檔案,卻不太了解 a.c 是怎麼變成 a.out 的話,這是一個你可以來了解的過程。 ## 目標聽眾 Linux 程式開發入門者 ## 先備知識 Basic linux and c programming </blockquote> ###### tags: `SITCON 2021 共筆` `SITCON 2021` `2021` `共筆` `R2` {%hackmd 8guaVQ0CRbaeUldFwc_8Ow %} > 請從這裡開始 ## LABS ```shell= git clone https://github.com/NTHU-SC/linking-labs git checkout sitcon2021 ``` > 今天會講 `Hello World` 資料夾的東西 ## readelf - `-S` : Section 資訊 - 類似寫小說的章節概念 (一個Linking段落) - 可以用 `dd` 切出 - `-s` : Symbol 資訊 - `-sW` ## 產生過程 - PREPROCESSING -> COMPILE -> ASSEMBLE -> LINKING - 用 `gcc --verbose` 可觀察 ### PREPROCESSING - `-D` : define symbol - `-I` : header 資料夾指定 ### COMPILER - `-Wall` - `-O` : 最佳化 - `-O1` - `-O2` - `-O3` - `-Ofast`(可能會出錯) - for linking: - `-fPIC` - `-shared` - `-static` ## LINKING - Static Linking - 打包object file到library - `.a` - Dynamic Linking - 用到程式才去解析 symbol 在哪裡 - useful tools - `ldd` - `ldconfig -v` ## LAB - Super Calculator :::info 不同語言只要能變成 object file 就能產生 symbol。 ::: - C 接到 C++ - `extern "C"` 比較好 - 暴力處理 C++ mangling - `_Z` prefix for C++ 等 - 可以直接在寫程式時直接引用 - Fortran - _gfortran # 提問 - 如何在這個議題上自我精進 / 更加深入 - 可以看《程式設計師的自我修養 - 連結、載入、程式庫》 - Debug symbol 是什麼? - 保留原始程式碼在一般編譯過程中損失的訊息 - gcc 加上 `-g` 參數來保留 / 加入 debug symbol - 沒有的話,`gdb` 等除錯器難以輸出可以辨識/偵錯的訊息 - 給你 offset 之類的訊息 - 看不懂 - 有的話,可以在除錯器中輸出錯誤位置 (第幾行,哪個檔案) - 還可以印出變數 - 如何實現用相對路徑載入共享程式庫 - `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` - 指定 library 尋找路徑 (path) - `LD_PRELOAD` - 覆蓋 dynamic library 載入順序 - 強迫優先載入某個 library

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