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    :::warning 《世界史的結構》 作者︰柄谷行人 Kojin Karatani 相關著作︰ 《哲學的起源》 《移動的批判》 《帝國的結構》 《柄谷行人談政治》 《建築作為隱喻》 《倫理21》 ::: # 簡介+ 資本主義的世界史各階段(p. 515) :::success WHY this? WHY now? 去理解過去200年全球運動的失敗 (巴黎公社失敗,法國革命帶來恐怖政治,俄羅斯革命帶來暴政) 岐路︰ 國家社會主義(史太林主義) 國族社會主義(法西斯主義) 我們如何來到這裡—被資本主義和國家國族同時壓迫 是否非此即彼?或者完全沒有改變的可能? Be Water? 諸眾? ::: 希望︰ 革命不必在我。革命常常共時存在。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/eP9SInl.jpg) 圖︰怪奇孤兒院—將美好一天永遠延續 ->Associationist! :::info 當我們講世界史,我們在講甚麼? (想想《歷史》的作者,希羅多德,透過史料研究去了解為何事情如其所如地發生?)->Cause and effect ::: 在這本書中的cause and effect就是人類社會如何克服危機 e.g. nomad在定居下來之後,出現了財富與權力的差異,於是氏族社會透過「贈予與回贈」去控制此危機。 :::spoiler 回顧《哲學的起源》中提及公元前六世紀,世界各地出現特立獨行的人,是因為舊有巫術社會已經不足以應付多民族的氏族社會 公元六世紀的一個巧合︰普遍宗教出現了! 一個個「天賦異稟的個人」展現了「愛的衝力」 —巴比倫監獄︰先知[以西結](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%A5%BF%E7%B5%90%E6%9B%B8)講出猶太人的故事 —愛奧尼亞︰[賢人泰勒斯](https://https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF) -印度︰佛陀+[瑪哈維拉](https://www.itsfun.com.tw/%E7%91%AA%E5%93%88%E7%B6%AD%E6%8B%89/wiki-4109278-1929048)( Vardhamāna)([耆那教](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99)) -中國︰老子、孔子 ## 共通點︰由封閉的氏族社會,擴大成為多民族間互相交易的世界帝國! 「封閉社會」=靜態宗教 「開放社會」=動態宗教 > 這時期的變化,是一種發生在觀念性上層結構的精神革命/進化 > 法國哲學家Henri Bergson (1859-1941) 《道德與宗教的兩個來源》 ::: ![](https://i.imgur.com/ApS8A3g.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/uIAct9p.jpg) 或是盧梭的主權在民論(市民社會革命——只在一國之內發生) 或是康德的世界共和國(世界同時革命) **「資本」主義(-ism)︰** :::info * It means "taking side with" or "imitation of"; to signify a pre-packaged ideology * a collective derogatory term of radical social reform movements * 我自己既解釋︰一個社會圈繞著某個元素去設計、運作、發展、為之服務。 * 柄谷︰資本制生產︰社會全體都必須為商品交換所滲透,包括土地(樓奴)及勞動力的商品化(邊一個發明了返工) ::: --- 📌 資本主義的世界史 (1750- present)︰ ![](https://i.imgur.com/auHnfeu.jpg) :::info 資本主義經濟是一個信用體系 ::: # 緒論1. 馬克思對黑格爾的批判 黑格爾︰「資本—國族—國家」是終極的社會形態 (唔洗超越) 「國族—國家」是至高無上 青年馬克思︰ 「國家」「國族」是觀念性的上層結構 市民社會a.k.a 資本主義經濟才是基礎的下層結構 ![](https://i.imgur.com/bxiNyXw.jpg) :::warning 歷史唯物論︰各種生產關係的總體,塑造了社會的經濟結構,並且形成現實的基礎;法律的、政治的上層結構,就聳立在這地基之上。所有各種社會、政治、精神的生活過程,都受到物質生活的生產模式所制約。人類的意識並不能夠規範他的存在;相反地,人類的社會性存在,規範他的意識。 ::: ### 迷思︰只要改變經濟的結構,國家和國族就會自動消滅 ->無視了國家與國族積極能動的主體性(agency) Stalin and Hitler : "AM I a joke to you?" ->以現代資本主義社會為基礎 未開化社會(部族)︰"Am I a joke to you?" 希臘|羅馬︰"Am I a Joke to you?" ![](https://i.imgur.com/siWXcan.jpg) :::success 「經常有人預測,在資本主義的全球化之下,國民國家將會消滅。的確,透過海外貿易,相互依存的網絡變得發達,一國之內經濟政策的機能,不如過去般有效;但是國家和國族並不會因此而消失。舉例來說,各國的經濟受到資本主義全球化(新自由主義)的壓迫,將會要求國家的保護(再分配),同時追求國族的文化同一性與地域經濟的保護。如果我們要對抗資本,就必須同時對抗國家與國族(共同體),其理由就在這裡。正因為「資本—國族—國家」是三位一體,所以它強而有力。不管我們如何試著否定其中任何一項,我們的努力都將被這個環回收。因為,它們並不是幻想,它們各自築基在不同的「交換」原理之上。思考資本制經濟的同時,也必須考慮建立在其他原理之上的國族與國家。」 ::: 上層結構的「相對自主性」 e.g. Frankfort School (批判哲學) - 影響了後現代主義 -既然講到「人類意識」,咪引入佛洛伊德的精神分析 (e.g. [Eros and Civilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization) ) # 緒論2. 交換模式的類型 This is a Borromeo Ring: 它的三個環互相纒繞,無法分離,但是如果僅僅觀察其中任個兩個環,就可以發現它們完全不相連。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/8ZenS1o.png) **A:互酬系統** - 未開化的社會,食物、財產、女性、土地、服務、勞動、禮儀,用於贈與和回禮,並不只限於未開化社會中 - 互酬發生在共同體和共同體之間 - 共同體(狩獵採集遊牧群體)內部 -> 共同寄託,再分配 - 共同體之間 -> 友好關係 -> 互酬交換 -> 形成大共同體、層級的原理 **B:掠奪與再分配** - 並非單純掠奪,意思給予保護,或實施公共事業(農業灌溉),讓被支配者不受侵略 - 支配共同體就是國家的原型 - 國家並非只建立在於暴力之上(韋伯),而是交換支配(暴力)和保護(安全) **C:商品交換** - 建基於信用 credibility - 貨幣:可以和任何事物交換的質權(Fungible) - 貨幣持有人和商品持有人,就是債主和債務人嘅關係 - 資本活動:貨幣自我增值,交易產生剩餘價值,使資本累積 - 造成階級分裂 **D:較高層次回復A** - 例如宗教運動、社會主義 - 否定B國家,超越C階級分裂 -> 自由和平等的交換模式 - D並不實際存在,其互酬性受到B和C的抑制 - 歷史上,有好多運動、意識形態可以歸類爲D,例如社會主義、共產主義、無政府主義、評議會共產主義 -> 交換模式A更高層次嘅回歸 ![](https://i.imgur.com/0Wa7E1X.jpg) 沒有單一交換模式,每種社會結構都存在 ABC 三種交換模式,社會之間差異,視乎邊種交換模式主導。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/2qBPkYe.jpg) 資本主義 - 「勞動力」作爲商品 - 資本主義不能以「分工協作」Division of labour and collaboration 或「機械使用」或「商品生產」來定義,因爲這些在奴隸制也曾出現 - 商品交換作爲支配性的交換模式 - 其他交換模式嘅結果,並不會消失,而係經過變形繼續存在:例如共同體化爲國族 國家與國族:上層結構和自律性(Autonomy)? - 新左翼(如Tom Nairn、法蘭克福學派):發現國族有一定能動性和自律性 - 柄谷行人:透過交換模式,可以理解國家和國族建基於各自嘅經濟下層結構 # 緒論3. 權力的類型 :::warning **權力**︰經由特定的共同規範,讓他人服從自己意志的力量 共同體的法 國家的法 國際法 ::: ### 📌共同體內部的不成文法 e.g. Potlatch : 透過贈予獲得權力-對共同體成員有約束力,違者會被放逐 毛利人稱為"Hau" (一種有強制性的靈力) 法國社會學家 [Marcel Mauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss) > 「這種近乎瘋狂的贈與及消費的動機、這種財富的喪失與破壞,在舉行potlatch的集團之間,並非沒有利害關係的考量。莤長與手下、手下與手下之間,透過贈與,形成身份階層的體制。贈與的行為表示一個人的優越性;表示他比較偉大、地位比較高,表示他是主人。接受贈與的人,如果沒有回禮、或者回禮的數量小於收受的贈禮,就顯示自己從屬的地位;表示自己成為部下家臣、自己比較卑微,也因此掉落到比較低的地位。」 本地例子︰虎地拗村(非原居民村)的呂洞賓誕,原居民代表須用高價投得聖物,以維持與本村與衛星村落間的地位。 ### 📌國家的法(共同體的共同規範) 必須超越共同體(法治)——「雖然國家的權力骨子裡由暴力支撐,但表面上始終是透過法展現」 霍布斯([Thomas Hobbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes) 契約︰「訂約的一方得到性命,另一方得到金錢與勞動」 柄谷︰國家的權力也是以一種交換模式為基礎 (因為我們自發同意國家暴力強制,國家權力才得以成立) ### 📌國家與國家之間的法 自然法 貨幣之力 柄谷︰雖然貨幣是由國家鑄造,但是貨幣之所以能夠通行,是因為商品的世界中形成的力量。

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