# GRE Argument Template
## 主要架構
開頭--內文--引述報告與調查--即便--結尾

## 開頭段
### First sentence
簡單概述Argument的文章要表達的要點
### Second sentence
* Careful scrutiny of the editorial **reveals numerous potential problems** with it-problems that **render its auther's position untenable**.
* The speakers's argument **suffers from several reasoning flaws**, which together **render the argument unconvincing**.
* Unfortunately,these facts **accomplish little toward refuting the assertion** that...Thus, I **find the argument wholly unpersuasive.**
* For several reasons,this claim **is dubious at best.**
* This argument **relies on several crucial but unsubstantiated assumptions** and is therefore **unconvincing as it stands**.
* Unfortunately, the argument is **depending on a series of poorly supported inferences** and therefore is **specious at best**.
* I find this assertion **dubious for several reasons**.
* The argument suffers from **several reasoning flaws** and is therefore **unconvincing as it stands**.
* This argument relies on **a number of questionable assumptions** and is **therefore unpersuasive.**
* This argument **suffers from several reasoning flaws**, which together **render the editorial wholly unconvincing.**

總結：
* 論述有漏洞
* reveals numerous potential problems
* suffer from several reasoning flaws
* relies on several crucial but unsubstantiated assumption
* depending on a series of poorly suppored inferences
* 不可信
* render its author's position untenable
* render the argument unconvincing
* render the editorial wholly unconvincing
* find the argument unconvincing
* is dpubious at best (充斥著懷疑)
* doubious for several reason
* unconvincing as it stands
* therefor unpersuasive

## Argument
第一句：在挑出文中漏洞的時候，先簡述文中的漏洞處
第二句：點出邏輯問題
第三句：舉例或詳細說明
.....
(邏輯層次的推進： 1.....2....., Most importantly though,....)

### 通用: 假設有問題
* Nevertheless, the assumption that ..... is unfounded/ unwarranted/ groundless

### 引述報告
* Citing XXX survey, the arguer claims that ...... However, here the arguer makes an unwarranted assumption that..../ cannot reasonably assume that.....

### 第一宗罪：無因果關聯
開頭句：
* The editorial (社論、評論) implies that...however,the editorial **provides no evidence to support this implication**.
* This argument depents on a series of cause-and-effect relationships,none of which the author has established.
* The author must establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship between...and...
結論句：
* It is unfair to infer that the former is attributable solely to the latter.
* Here the director might very well confuse cause and effect with mere correlation.

關鍵：如何表達因果關聯有問題或者沒有足夠的證據說明因果適合理的
* provide no evidence to support
* depents on series of some cause-and-effect relationship, but none of which the author has established
* establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship
* former is atribute solely to the latter

Ex.
One problem with the argument is that, the editorialobserves a correlation between… and …, then concludes that the former is thecause of the latter. However, the editorial fails to rule out other possibleexplanations for…For example,… Any of these factors, or other social, politicalor economic factors, might lead to…Without ruling out all other such factors itis unfair to conclude that…

### 第二宗罪：論證不完整
開頭句：
* The **statistics from only a few** recent years **are not necessarily a good indicator of** future trends/hardly **suffice to prove a clear trend.**
* Yet the **mere fact** that...does **not necessarily mean** that...

中間：
* It is one thing that....., it is quite another ....
*

結論句：
* Thus,before I accept the editorial's conclusion,the author must show that...is representative of...

### 第三宗罪：錯誤類比(Based on a false analogy)
開頭：
* With respects to the first of the two facts, the author attempts here to draw what might amount to a false analogy between.... and ....
* The authors analogy to .... is dubious at best.

### 第四宗罪：All things are equal
* This argument suffers from a classic reasoning flaws: what is true for one member of a group is also true for that group as a whole.

### 第五宗罪：Either-or choice
* In short, unless the editorial's author explores and eliminates other opinions, I remain convinced that....

### 第六宗罪：pool/report/survey is doubtful
* A final problem with the editorial involves the possibility of additional results from the survey-result that the editorial neglect to mention.
* If the results turn out to be unreliable as a result, then any conclusion based on those results must be deemed unreliable as well.
* The memo provides no evidence that the reports are reliable.

### 第七宗罪 gratuitous assumption
* The speaker neglects to consider and rule out other explainations - for instance, ... Without eliminating other possible reason for ..., the speaker cannot convince me that....
* Besides, the author ignores the possibility that..
* Yet it is entirely possible that....
* The argument relies on the assumption that....

結尾
* While this might be the case, the author must provide clear evidence to substantiate this assumption.

### 讓步--同意部份邏輯，但不同意全部
* Admitting for the sake of argument that..
* Even if the author can prove that..
* Even assuming that....
* Let us say that the example mentioned in the article can...... Still, ....

### 要求完整論證
* The example are interesting, intriguing even. But what is wanted are some tables setting out the ___ results of ...., as tabulated from a statistically significant sampling.
* Success stories inspire.

### 作者說服不了我(每段的後面都可以放一點)
* Otherwise, I cannot accept the author's inference that....
* Accordingly, the author's contention that.... is questionable at best.
* Otherwise, I remain skeptical of the author's final conclusion that..
* Until the author supplies this sort of evidence, he cannot convince me that...
* If this is the case, the author's implicit claim that.... would be very weak indeed.
* The author must first convince me that ....., not until then could I begin to consider the recommendation.
* Therefore, I remain unconvinced that...
* However, with no solid evidence to support this reasoning, the claim amouts to little more than pure conjecture.

## 結尾
### question
* 最簡單：the author needs to answer the above questions to strengthen his or her argument.
* To fully assess the ultimate claim, I would need reliable detailed.... should i follow the chair's recommendation.
* To bolster it, the author might conduct a scientific survey of ....
* In order to properly evaluate it, I would want to know...., and Iｗould want to survey... about...
* The author must also show that the survey results are reliable and that they accurately reflect....
* In order to convince me that ...., the author must at least....
* To fully persuade me, the author must also explain why....
* To obtain this sort of proof, I would need to survey...
* 可直接背：Given the hunt-and-pick nature of the evidence presented, the question dodged as to information retention, and the uncertainty as to........, the proposal as presented is not yet a reasonable one.

### Assumption
* In conclusion, this argument depends on several critical but unproven assumptions that need to be addressed by the author.