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    # 中國地圖與政治文化 ## :memo:治國與社會階級 ![](https://i.imgur.com/qNjkWsC.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/l1eeR5O.png) * ### 社會影響:士大夫、建築師、工程師、老師、官員 * ### 東周時期百家爭鳴,盛行治國之道。 EX:孔子 :::info ### :bulb:小結:東周(盛行治國之道)與地圖學的發展有關 ::: ## :memo:地圖、禮儀與戰爭 ### 中國古書中關於地圖的記載很多,如《尚書·洛誥》中便記載周朝初年,成王命周公占卜建洛陽城。周公曾實地考察,將占卜選擇城址的結果繪成地圖。 ### 《尚書·洛誥》 * 周公行拜手稽首大禮說:「我還政於明君。王還不敢始受已定的天命,我會永保輔助守衛東土,請王做明德之君。」 「我在三月十二乙卯日(52位),早晨到了洛邑。我先龜卜了黃河北岸的黎水地區,我又龜卜了澗水東邊地區、瀍水西邊地區,只洛地吉兆。我又龜卜瀍水東邊地區,也只洛地吉兆。遣使來,獻圖和呈上龜卜之兆。」 ### 《詩經·魯頌》 * 你擁有這東方廣袤的土地,魯國政通人和天下永太平。天道不虧損山川也不陷崩,大地不震動四海也不翻騰。衷心祝願您壽比三星相聚,好比那高大的山岡和山陵! * 您就像那巍峨的東嶽泰山,魯國百姓都唯您馬首是瞻。我們魯國擁有龜山和蒙山,並把版圖擴到極遠的東邊。一直拓展到達那海邊之國,淮夷諸族歸屬到魯侯跟前。舉國百姓無不順從魯僖公,這就是魯僖公的功德圓滿。 ### 《孫子兵法·地形篇》 * 地形是用兵打仗的輔助條件。正確判斷敵情,考察地形險易,計算道路遠近,這是高明的將領必須掌握的方法,懂得這些道理去指揮作戰的,必定能夠勝利;不瞭解這些道理去指揮作戰的,必定失敗。 ### 《管子·地圖》 * 凡軍中主帥,必首先詳知地圖。盤鏇的險路,覆車的大水,名山、大谷、大川、高原、丘陵之所在,枯草、林木、蒲葦茂密的地方,道里的遠近,城郭的大小,名城、廢邑、貧瘠之地及可耕之田等等,都必須完全了解。地形的出入交錯,也必須心中完全有數。然後,就可以行軍襲邑,舉措先後得宜而不失地利,這都是地圖的意義。 ### 《韓非子·五蠹》 * 侍奉大國不一定有什麼實際效應,倒必須先獻出本國地圖,呈上政府璽印,這樣才得以請求軍事援助。獻出地圖,本國的版域就縮小了;呈上空印,君主的聲望就降低了。版域縮小。國家就削弱了;聲望降低。政治上就混亂了。 ### 《戰國策·燕策三》 * 荊軻說:“不用太子說,我也要請求行動。假如空手而去,沒有什麼憑信之物,那就無法接近秦王。現在的樊將軍,秦王用一千斤金和一萬戶人口的封地作懸賞來購取他的頭顱。果真能夠得到樊將軍的首級及燕國督亢一帶的地圖獻給秦王,秦王一定高興地召見我,我就有辦法來報答太子了。 :::info ### :bulb:小結:地圖為統治與權力的象徵,也是戰爭侵略的工具。 ::: ## :memo:地圖、文書統一與政治文化 ### 秦始皇在統一度量衡的同時,下令廢除六國舊體文字,授命廷尉李斯主持統一文字,除法律統一,還有經濟和文化統一。 ### 《戰國策》 * 蘇秦:「古代讓車輛來回奔馳,用言語互相交結,天下成爲一體,文書、籍策雜亂繁瑣,百姓生活貧困不足;君臣上下都愁眉不展,百姓無所依賴;法令規章越多,戰爭發生的也就越多;能言善變穿著儒士服裝的越多,戰爭就越發無法停止。」 ### 秦及以前的地圖,近皆已失傳。只有漢朝以後的地圖還有被保留下來。不過這些地圖多半沒有統一的繪製原則與表準,很難求其準確性。 ### 《晉書·斐秀傳》 * 圖書之設,由來尚矣。自古立象垂制,而賴其用。三代置其官,國史掌厥職。暨漢屠咸陽,丞相蕭何盡收秦之圖籍。今祕書既無古之地圖,又無蕭何所得。 ### :::info ### :bulb: 小結:地圖是一種表現世界觀的方式,同時傳達文化與政治的理解。 ::: ## :memo:漢代地圖與政治文化 ### 秦始皇統一中國後,六國的書籍被集中到咸陽。秦朝滅亡時,此等書籍為蕭何所接收,藏於石渠閣之中保存。 ### * 石渠閣,蕭何造;其下礲石為渠以導水,若今御溝,因為閣名。所藏入關所得秦之圖籍:至於成帝,又於此藏秘書焉。各不設分率,又不考正準望,亦不備載名山大川,雖有粗形,皆不精審,不可依據。或荒外迂誕之喜,不合事實,於義無取。 ### 漢代工商發達,物產流通,地理知識廣為流傳,軍事擴張也促進地圖的發展 ### 《東都賦》 * 是日也,天子受四海之圖籍,膺萬國之貢珍,內撫諸夏,外綏百蠻。 ### 《漢書·武帝紀》 * 臣瓚曰:「浮沮,井名,在匈奴中,去九原二千里,見漢輿地圖。」 ### 《後漢書·張衡傳》 * 衡善機巧,尤致思於天文、陰陽、歷算。安帝雅聞衡善術學,公車特徵拜郎中,再遷爲太史令。遂乃研核陰陽,妙盡璇璣之正,作渾天儀,著《靈憲》、《算罔論》,言甚詳明。 ### 《後漢書・馬援傳》 * 前披輿地圖見天下郡國百有六所 ### 《晉書·裴秀傳》 * 製圖之體有六焉:一曰分率,所以辨廣輪之度也。二曰準望,所以正彼此之體也。三曰道里,所以定所由之數也。四曰高下,五曰方邪,六曰迂直;此三者各因地而制宜,所以校夷險之異也。有圖象而無分率,則無以審遠近之差;有分率而無準望,雖得之於一隅,必失之於他方;有準望而無道里,則施之於山海隔絕之地,不能以相通;有道里而無高下、方邪、迂直之校,則徑路之數必與遠近之實相違,失準望之正矣。故以此六者參而考之,然後遠近之實定於分率,彼此之實定於準望,徑路之實定於道里,度數之實定於高下、方邪、迂直之算。故雖有峻山鉅海之隔,絕域殊方之迥;登降詭曲之因,皆可得而定者。準望之法既正,則曲直遠近無所隱其形也。 :::info ### :bulb: 漢代可能已發展全國性地圖,至晉朝地圖學概念更加成熟。 :::

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