Auli.Chan
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    # Hash Function ## 定義 雜湊技術是在記錄的儲存位置和其鍵值之間,建立一個確定的對應關係f,讓每個鍵值key對應一個儲存位置f(key) fomula -> address = f(key) ### 雜湊搜尋步驟 1. 儲存時,透過雜湊函數來計算紀錄的雜湊位置,並按此雜湊位置儲存該紀錄。 2. 搜尋紀錄時,透過同樣的雜湊函數來計算紀錄的雜湊位置,然後按此雜湊位置訪問該紀錄。 ### 雜湊適合的問題類型 * 搜尋與特定值相等的紀錄 * 不適合範圍搜尋 * 不適合多鍵值搜尋 ### 碰撞 key~1~ != key~2~,f(key~1~) == f(key~2~) 發生這情況時key~1~ and key~2~ 稱為同義詞(Synonym) ### 雜湊函數構造方法 ### 原則 * 計算簡單 :::info 雜湊函數的計算時間不應該超過其他搜尋技術與鍵值的比對時間。 ::: * 雜湊位置分布均勻 ### 方法 * 直接定址法 > f(key) = a * key + b(a, b皆為常數) > 適合搜尋資料表較小且連續的情況。 * 數字分析法 > 抽取數字組合某一部份進行反轉、左環位移、右環位移、或前兩數與後兩數疊加等方法。 > 適合處理鍵值位元數較大的情況。 * 平方取中法 > 將數值平方後取中間三位數當作鍵值 > 適合不知道鍵值的分佈,且位數又不大的情況。 * 摺疊法 > 9876543210 -> 987 + 654 + 321 + 0 = 1962 取最後三位 962 也可 987 and 321 反轉後相加 789 + 654 + 123 + 0 = 1566 取最後三位566來做鍵值。 > 適合不需事先知道鍵值分佈,鍵值位數較多的情況。 * 除法雜湊 > f(key) = key mod p (p <= m)(m 是 table length , 最好是質數,或不包含小於20質因子的合數) > p 選擇是關鍵為影響碰撞機率 * 隨機數法 > f(key)=random(key),這裡的random是隨機函數。當鍵值長度不相等時,這個方法最合適 #### 選擇上述方法的思考方向 * 計算雜湊位置所需的時間 * 鍵值的長度 * 雜湊表的大小 * 鍵值的分佈情況 * 紀錄搜尋的頻率 ### 處理碰撞的方法 * 開放位址法 (線性探測法) 1. 一次探測法 > f~i~(key) = ( f(key) + d~i~ ) MOD m (d~i~=1,2,3,4,5,...,m-1) > 當發生碰撞,就去尋找下一個空的雜湊位置,只要雜湊表夠大,總能找到空的雜湊位置,並存入紀錄 2. 二次探測法 > f~i~(key) = ( f(key) + d~i~ ) MOD m (d~i~=1^2^,-1^2^,2^2^,-2^2^...,q^2^, -q^2^, q<=m/2) 3. 隨機探測法 > f~i~(key) = ( f(key) + d~i~ ) MOD m (d~i~是一個隨機數列) * 重雜湊函數法 > f~i~(key) = RH~i~(key)(i=1,2,..,k) > RH就是所有前面的方法都用上找出空的位置 * 鏈結法 > 在同一個位置透過Linked將其連接下去 > 搜尋時因走訪鏈結串列會帶來效能損耗 * 公共溢位區域法 > 將碰撞的鍵值建立一個公共的溢位區域來存放 > 搜尋時先從函數找基本表,如果在基本表沒找到就去溢位表循序搜尋 ### 經典方法 * BKDR Hash $forumla = (\displaystyle\sum_{n}a [n] s^n) \ mod \ 2^{31}$ ```clike= version-1 unsigned int BKDRHash(char* str, unsigned int len) { unsigned int seed = 131; /* 31 131 1313 13131 131313 etc.. */ unsigned int hash = 0; unsigned int i = 0; for(i = 0; i < len; str++, i++) { hash = (hash * seed) + (*str); } return hash; } --------------------------------------- version-2 unsigned int BKDRHash(char *str) { unsigned int seed = 131; unsigned int hash = 0; while (*str) { hash = hash * seed + (*str++); } return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF); } --------------------------------------- version-3 unsigned int BKDRHash(char lastName[]) { unsigned int seed = 131; unsigned int hash = 0; int i = 0; while (i < strlen(lastName)) { hash = hash * seed + lastName[i]; i++; } return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % TABLE_SIZE; } ```

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