地科培訓筆記
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Versions and GitHub Sync Note Insights Sharing URL Help
Menu
Options
Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Owners
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Owners
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       owned this note    owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    1
    Subscribed
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Subscribe
    ###### tags: `地質` # 古生物學 過去的地質學:有錢名人的活動(達爾文與他的小獵犬號好夥伴) 現今的地質學:整合各種學類(古生物、地球構造、地球活動) Q:蛇頸龍是恐龍嗎? A:水棲爬行動物,恐龍定義:陸生可直立行走的動物 古生物學:藉由動物、生物的遺體,檢視地球的歷史。 演化 Change overtime Q:雞是由暴龍演化來的嗎? A:雞與恐龍具有共同祖先,可追溯至三疊紀晚期。 演化序列:將各物種分別開來,更清晰的了解個物種生存的年代 ## 古生物四大分類(PIVM) 古植物學 Paleobotany e.g.植株的演化 無脊椎古生物學 Invertebrate paleontology e.g.節肢動物、三葉蟲 脊椎古生物學 vertebrate paleontology e.g.爬行動物 微體古生物學 micropaleontology e.g.有孔蟲 喬治・居維葉-古生物學之父:確立生物滅絕與提出災變論 瑪莉・安寧-古生物學家&化石收集家,發現第一具蛇頸龍完整化石 ## 化石種類 本體化石 Body fossils 生物本體的化石,生物部位、恐龍蛋 遺跡化石 Trace fossils 生物活動的痕跡,腳印、蛋印、巢穴 分子化石 Molecular fossils 蛋白質、DNA、染色體⋯⋯ 碳化化石 Carbon fossils 被炭化保存的化石,仍保有生物細節 假化石 Pseudofossils 藉物理化學生物作用,沈澱物或異物於地層中。 埋藏學:研究生物埋藏於地層中的化石(禮儀師) ## 化石的保存方式 原生保存,琥珀的昆蟲、永凍土的長毛象,未被取代的生物蛋殼。 完整保存的生物遺骸,如牙齒、皮膚、細部構造,可完整回推生物狀態。 Permineralization 似礦化 熱水、火山活動等原因將物質填充化石的空隙。 Replacement 置換 鈣時常被類似性質元素取代,原子型態改變,產生樣貌變化的化石。 Impression 壓痕 生物活動產生壓痕,形成遺跡化石。 Carbonization 碳化 化石碳化而因此保e.g. 纖維質降解碳化形成碳化化石。 Molds/casts 壓模 化石在岩層上產生壓模,常出現在頁岩上。 化石本體稱為陽膜,壓痕稱為陰膜。 bullion 結核 化石周圍產生膠結物,沈積物聚集成核狀,有弱面易敲開。 PIV三種化石,以多種方式相互保留。M則保留於地層紀錄中。 ## 古生物的應用 地質的特定年代分布 e.g. 有孔蟲、三葉蟲定年地質年代 現代生物的演化 e.g. 趨同演化、魚龍與海豚 了解古生物的構造 e.g.恐龍構造 過往地質環境的氣候 e.g. 珊瑚 化石的相對定年 e.g. 三葉蟲古生代、菊石中生代 尋找石油 e.g. 挖掘時透過微化石確認地層年代 建構地質圖 e.g. 化石的相對定年 石化燃料 e.g.生物產生石油 大陸漂移學說證據 e.g.陸生生物出現於隔海大陸 ## 古生物學分類 (域)界門綱目科屬種,界門綱,大致不變。目科屬種,可能會變。 二名法:屬名(名詞)+種小名(形容詞),須經過拉丁化(除了中國) 拉丁化:人名+i,地名+ensis 指標化石:特徵明顯、數量龐大、廣泛分佈於特定年代中。 e.g.三葉蟲對應古生代、菊石對應中生代 指相化石:反映某種特定環境條件。 E.g.珊瑚、恐龍(蛇頸龍不是恐龍喔) ## 地球定年 16世紀:推算創世紀的年代,約為6000年前。 19世紀:假設海水原為淡水,經河流輸送鹽份成現今濃度,需九千萬年。 觀察沈積速率的觀察,以地層厚度推算,約一億年。 問題在哪?地層紀錄中斷、不整合面、變質岩的前身為沈積岩 絕對年代:放射性定年法,多以火成岩、變質岩定年為主 化石多以估計方法可能的時間範圍,或可藉由周圍岩石進行定年。 碳十四定年:考古學最常使用之定年法。 ## 生物地層與岩性地層 最後出現平面LAD (last appearance datum) 最初出現平面FAD (first appearance datum) Taxon range zone 單一物種出現的時間區域。 Concurrent range zone 兩個物種出現的時間區域交集的區域。 Partial range zone 用FAD表示之前沒有此現生物種出現的時間區域。 化石群 Fossil assemblage 透過同時間同地點內發現的化石,建立出化石群年代與其他化石群相比。 用以定義時間順序,如三葉蟲與菊石最後出現平面間的時間,為中生代。 為局部性,生物地層與岩性地層不對等。 生物地層決定時間區分,岩性地層決定構造區分。 實際最後出現面LOD (last occurrence datum) 實踐最初出現面FOD (first occurrence datum) 透過全世界的化石紀錄比較,定義出生物最早或最晚的出現面。

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully