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    ###### tags: `Git` # [week 1] 版本控制 - Git 概念 & 基本指令 > 本篇為 [[GIT101] Git 超新手入門](https://lidemy.com/p/git101) 這門課程的學習筆記。 ``` 學習目標: 了解 Git 在做什麼,以及為何我們需要 Git 知道 add、commit、push、pull 等基本 Git 指令 ``` --- ## 什麼是版本控制? #### 簡言之,就是將一個檔案所有歷史紀錄的版本都保存起來,以便日後參考。 我們其實曾接觸過版本控制,例如備份檔案,或是以不同檔名保存編輯過的檔案: ![個人的版本控制](https://i.imgur.com/2nnCsCD.png) ## 但這種管理方式會碰到哪些問題? 1. 檔案一多、時間久了之後不易管理 2. 多人協作易發生衝突,無法快速分辨檔案差異 ## 那麼,該如何做版本控制呢? 1. 需要新版本時: 開一個新資料夾,用來完整保存當時檔案狀態。 3. 不想加入版本控制: 就不需加入資料夾,例如有些不會更動的檔案(電腦設定檔、log 檔),或者不需做版控的檔案(例如帳密等有安全性考量)。 5. 避免版本號衝突: 會以亂數,也就是絕不會重複的流水號作為資料夾名稱。 7. 知道最新版本: 開一個檔案(new)來存最新的版本號。 9. 保存歷史紀錄: 開一個檔案(order)整理流水號。 #### 上述概念,其實就類似 Git 版本控制系統的運作模式。目的是進行備份與共用,讓電腦自動幫我們做一些記錄與管理。 > 補充:GitHub 就是透過 Git 進行版本控制的軟體原始碼代管服務平台。 --- ## Git 基本指令操作 ### `git init`:初始化當前目錄 在當前位置新增 `.git` 隱藏資料夾,也就是建立 Git Repository(檔案庫)。目的是初始化這個目錄,讓 Git 對這個目錄做版本控管。 ![init 初始化](https://i.imgur.com/BVuxZag.png) ### `git status`:檢查當前版本狀態 例如:未進入版本控管(Untracked)、新增檔案(New File)、刪除檔案(Deleted)、檔案已修改(Modified)等。是會經常使用的指令。 ### `git add`:加入版本控制 把檔案從 Untracked(不加入的檔案)移到 stage(加入版本控制的檔案)。 依照括號內提示可知: - `git rm --cached <file>`:取消版控 - `git add <file>`:加入版控 - 若檔案數量太多,可使用 `git add .` 把檔案全部加入版本控制。 ![git add 指令](https://i.imgur.com/vX2e43W.png) ### `git commit`:新建版本 1. 輸入指令後會進入 vim 介面,就可以編輯提交版本訊息(commit message) 2. 若不想進入 vim,也可輸入 `git commit -m "message"` 直接建立新版本 ![git commit 指令](https://i.imgur.com/NlBaU85.png) ### 小技巧:`git commit -am "message"` 輸入 `git commit -am "message"` 可一次完成 `add` 和 `commit` 兩個指令動作。 #### 但需注意: 1. `-a` 指令只對「已存在」的檔案有效;不適用於新加入的檔案(Untracked File) 2. 若有新增的檔案,仍須先 `add` 再 `commit` ,才能把新檔加入版控 ### `git log`:查看版本紀錄 從新到舊列出,內容分別是版本號碼、提交者、提交時間。 ![git log 指令](https://i.imgur.com/gZ9G2c1.png) - `git log --oneline`:輸出更簡短的 log,只用版本號前七碼代值 ![git log --oneline 指令](https://i.imgur.com/V0HyJbP.png) ### `git checkout`:切換到某個版本 切換到某個版本,可查看過去的版本內容。 - `git checkout <版本號碼>` :切換到指定版本 - `git checkout master` :切換到最新版本 ![git checkout 指令](https://i.imgur.com/hqROiIw.png) ### `.gitignore`:忽略不要版本控制的檔案 `.gitignore` 這個檔案本身也需加入版本控制。通常會加入忽略清單的檔案有:系統檔案、記錄檔、暫存檔等,可參考 [Facebook 開源專案 React 裡的 .gitignore](https://github.com/facebook/react/blob/master/.gitignore) 為例子。 #### 那麼,該如何建立忽略清單呢? 1. 輸入 `touch .gitignore` 建立檔案 2. 輸入 `vim .gitignore` 進入 `vim` 介面 ![進入vim介面](https://i.imgur.com/dwIzY2m.png) 3. 以不加入版控的 test 為例,輸入完 test 後儲存離開 ![建立忽略清單](https://i.imgur.com/WtYtJkL.png) 4. 以 `git status` 查看,可知 test 這個檔案已被 git 忽略 ![完成忽略清單](https://i.imgur.com/XUsgqPr.png) 5. 如此即可使用 `git add .` 把所有檔案加入版本控制,包括新舊檔案; 再用 `git commit -m "message"` 建立新版本 ## 小結 複習上述指令,以下為開始使用 git 的流程: 1. `git init`:初始化當前位置,讓 Git 對這個目錄進行版控 2. 建立 `.gitignore` 忽略不需版本控制的檔案 3. `git add .`:把所有檔案加入版本控制(把東西放到一個暫存資料夾 `temp` ) 4. `git commit -am "message"`:新建一個版本(把 `temp` 資料夾改名為`"版本號"`) - 若有新檔案,需重複`步驟 3.` 把所有檔案加進版本控制,才能執行 `commit` - 在 commit 之前,可用 `git diff` 查看與上一版的差異 5. `git checkout <版本號>` : 可以切換各個版本(去到某個資料夾底下) `git checkout master` : 回到最新版本 > 操作 Git 時突然每行句首都出現 `>` 這個符號,無法繼續輸入指令怎麼辦? > >解決方法:ctrl + d 即可退出。這種情況可能是因為只輸入了一邊雙引號或單引號,導致沒有輸入完成(輸入沒有閉合)。 --- ### 補充 1:檔案在 Git 底下的四種狀態 - File status lifecycle(圖片來自 [link](https://kueiblog.herokuapp.com/post/git%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C%20-%20commit%E8%AC%9B%E8%A7%A3%E3%80%81reset%E5%BE%A9%E5%8E%9F%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%81%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF/)) ![File status lifecycle](https://i.imgur.com/jz9qufH.png) 1. untracked(未追蹤的):代表檔案尚未被加入版控 2. staged(暫存區):等待被 commit 的檔案,才能執行 `git commit` 指令送入版本庫 3. unmodified(未修改的):代表檔案第一次被加入,或檔案內容與 `HEAD` 內容一致的狀態 4. modified(已修改的):代表檔案已經被編輯過,或檔案內容與 `HEAD` 內容不一致的狀態 ### 補充 2:設定帳號和姓名 第一次輸入 `git commit` 指令時出現錯誤,跳出需要設定帳號和姓名的畫面,這時需輸入以下指令: ``` git config --global user.name "your name"  // "換成自己的帳號和信箱" git config --global user.email "your email" ``` 參考資料: 1. [用 Git 進行版本控制](https://djangogirlstaipei.herokuapp.com/tutorials/version-control-with-git/?os=windows) 2. [【工程師必懂的版本控制技術】什麼是GitHub?](https://medium.com/@makerincollege2018/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E6%87%82%E7%9A%84%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93-%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E6%98%AFgithub-376421fd871d) 3. [Git 筆記| Summer。桑莫。夏天](https://cythilya.github.io/2018/04/05/git/) 4. [[第一週] 版本控制 - 原理 & 基本 Git 指令 by Yakim](https://yakimhsu.com/project/project_w1_Git_1.html) 5. [[KueiKuei 's Blog] git學習之二 - commit講解、reset復原版本、建立分支](https://kueiblog.herokuapp.com/post/git%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C%20-%20commit%E8%AC%9B%E8%A7%A3%E3%80%81reset%E5%BE%A9%E5%8E%9F%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%81%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF/)

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