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    # Error-state Kalman Filter (誤差狀態濾波器) **English version:** https://hackmd.io/@2eDHc86oQa-I55HsX-Kmww/SJ-etBJYA **Author:** Teng-Hu Cheng(程登湖) **email:** tenghu@nycu.edu.tw **Date:** July 2024 **Website:** https://ncrl.lab.nycu.edu.tw/member/ **Slides:** https://sites.google.com/nycu.edu.tw/robotics-aerial-robots2024/course-materials ## Block Diagram(系統方塊圖) 假設我們要融合IMU與GPS,並考量IMU的訊號雜訊與飄移,我們必須使用“誤差狀態濾波器”進行更精準的濾波。整體的“誤差狀態濾波器”可用以下的方塊圖表達。 ![block diagram](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyMU9PC_C.png) ## The error-state Kalman filter explained 在誤差狀態濾波器的設計中,我們談到真實狀態(true state)、名義狀態(nominal state)和誤差狀態值(error state),其中真實狀態表達為名義狀態和誤差狀態的合適組合(線性和、四元數乘積或矩陣乘積)。這個概念是將名義狀態視為大信號(以非線性方式可積分),而誤差狀態則視為小信號(因此可以線性積分並適用於線性高斯濾波)。 可以如下解釋誤差狀態濾波器。一方面,高頻率的 IMU 數據 $\mathbf{u}_m$ 被整合到名義狀態 $\mathbf{x}$ 中。這個名義狀態沒有考慮噪聲項 $\mathbf{w}$ 和其他可能的模型缺陷。因此,它將累積誤差。這些誤差被收集在誤差狀態 $\delta \mathbf{x}$ 中,並使用誤差狀態卡爾曼濾波器 (ESKF) 進行估計,此時包含所有的噪聲和干擾。誤差狀態由小信號幅度組成,其演變函數由(時變的)線性動態系統正確定義,其動態、控制和測量矩陣從名義狀態值計算得出。在名義狀態積分的同時,ESKF 預測誤差狀態的高斯估計。它僅進行預測,因為目前沒有其他測量可用來校正這些估計。濾波器校正在 IMU 之外的其他信息到達時進行(例如 GPS、視覺等),這些信息能夠使誤差可觀測,並且這種情況通常發生在積分階段的速度更低。這種校正提供了誤差狀態的後驗高斯估計。在此之後,誤差狀態的均值被注入到名義狀態中,然後重置為零。誤差狀態的協方差矩陣也被方便地更新以反映這一重置。系統就這樣永遠運行下去。 ### Definition of Variables (變數定義) 先定義相關變數如下: ![Screenshot 2024-07-24 at 20.34.58](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HymbBu0u0.png) 其中誤差狀態信號 $\delta \mathbf{q}$ 和 $\delta \mathbf{R}$ 可以近似為: $$ \delta \mathbf{q} \approx \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ \frac{\delta \boldsymbol{\theta}}{2} \end{bmatrix} \] \[ \delta \mathbf{R} \approx \mathbf{I} + [\delta \boldsymbol{\theta}]_\times $$ ### True State Dynamics (理想狀態動態) True state為理想的狀態,因他不含雜訊與飄移(noise、bias),但實際上無法達成,因此我們退而求其次,只尋找nominal state來使用。 $$\begin{align*} \dot{\mathbf{p}}_t &= \mathbf{v}_t \\ \dot{\mathbf{v}}_t &= \mathbf{a}_t \\ \dot{\mathbf{q}}_t &= \frac{1}{2} \mathbf{q}_t \otimes \boldsymbol{\omega}_t \\ \dot{\mathbf{a}}_{bt} &= \mathbf{a}_w \\ \dot{\boldsymbol{\omega}}_{bt} &= \boldsymbol{\omega}_w \\ \dot{\mathbf{g}}_t &= 0 \end{align*}$$ 在上式中,真實的加速度 $\mathbf{a}_t$ 和角速度 $\boldsymbol{\omega}_t$ 是從具有雜訊傳感器讀數的 IMU 中獲得的,這些讀數是在體座標系的加速度 $\mathbf{a}_m$ 和角速度 $\boldsymbol{\omega}_m$: $$ \mathbf{a}_m = \mathbf{R}_t^\top (\mathbf{a}_t - \mathbf{g}_t) + \mathbf{a}_{bt} + \mathbf{a}_n \] \[ \boldsymbol{\omega}_m = \boldsymbol{\omega}_t + \boldsymbol{\omega}_{bt} + \boldsymbol{\omega}_n$$ 其中 $\mathbf{R}_t$ $\triangleq \mathbf{R}(\mathbf{q}_t)$。透過這個,可以分離出真實值(這意味著我們對測量方程進行了轉換), $$\mathbf{a}_t = \mathbf{R}_t (\mathbf{a}_m - \mathbf{a}_{bt} - \mathbf{a}_n) + \mathbf{g}_t \] \[ \boldsymbol{\omega}_t = \boldsymbol{\omega}_m - \boldsymbol{\omega}_{bt} - \boldsymbol{\omega}_n$$ 將上述方程代入得到運動學系統: $$ \dot{\mathbf{p}}_t = \mathbf{v}_t \quad \] \[ \dot{\mathbf{v}}_t = \mathbf{R}_t (\mathbf{a}_m - \mathbf{a}_{bt} - \mathbf{a}_n) + \mathbf{g}_t \quad \] \[ \dot{\mathbf{q}}_t = \frac{1}{2} \mathbf{q}_t \otimes (\boldsymbol{\omega}_m - \boldsymbol{\omega}_{bt} - \boldsymbol{\omega}_n) \quad \] \[ \dot{\mathbf{a}}_{bt} = \mathbf{a}_w \quad \] \[ \dot{\boldsymbol{\omega}}_{bt} = \boldsymbol{\omega}_w \quad \] \[ \dot{\mathbf{g}}_t = 0 \quad $$ 如此一來,我們便將等式右邊的 true state 換成 nominal state。我們可以將其命名為 $$\dot{\mathbf{x}}_t = \mathbf{f}_t(\mathbf{x}_t, \mathbf{u}, \mathbf{w})$$這個系統的狀態為 $\mathbf{x}_t$,由 IMU 讀數 $\mathbf{u}_m$ 控制,並受白高斯雜訊$\mathbf{w}$ 擾動,所有變量的定義如下: $$ \mathbf{x}_t = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{p}_t \\ \mathbf{v}_t \\ \mathbf{q}_t \\ \mathbf{a}_{bt} \\ \boldsymbol{\omega}_{bt} \\ \mathbf{g}_t \end{bmatrix}, \quad \mathbf{u} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{a}_m - \mathbf{a}_n \\ \boldsymbol{\omega}_m - \boldsymbol{\omega}_n \end{bmatrix}, \quad \mathbf{w} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{a}_w \\ \boldsymbol{\omega}_w \end{bmatrix}. $$ ## Error-state Kalman Filter (ESKF) Iteration Steps (迭代過程) 以下是誤差狀態卡爾曼濾波器 (ESKF) 迭代過程的詳細步驟: ### 初始化 - **狀態初始化:** - 定義初始名義狀態 $\mathbf{x}_0$。 - 初始化誤差狀態 $\delta \mathbf{x}_0$(通常為零)。 - 定義初始協方差矩陣 $\mathbf{P}_0$ - **過程和測量噪聲協方差:** - 定義過程噪聲協方差矩陣 $\mathbf{Q}$ - 定義測量噪聲協方差矩陣 $\mathbf{R}$ ### 時間更新(預測) - **預測名義狀態(不包括測量噪聲):** $$ \mathbf{x}_{k|k-1} = f(\mathbf{x}_{k-1}) $$ 將動態模型$f$展開後的離散形式定義如下: $$\begin{align*} \mathbf{p} & \gets \mathbf{p} + \mathbf{v} \Delta t + \frac{1}{2} (\mathbf{R} (\mathbf{a}_m - \mathbf{a}_b) + \mathbf{g}) \Delta t^2 \\ \mathbf{v} & \gets \mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{R} (\mathbf{a}_m - \mathbf{a}_b) + \mathbf{g}) \Delta t \\ \mathbf{q} & \gets \mathbf{q} \otimes \mathbf{q} \{ (\boldsymbol{\omega}_m - \boldsymbol{\omega}_b) \Delta t \} \\ \mathbf{a}_b & \gets \mathbf{a}_b \\ \boldsymbol{\omega}_b & \gets \boldsymbol{\omega}_b \\ \mathbf{g} & \gets \mathbf{g} \end{align*} $$ - **預測誤差狀態協方差:** 誤差狀態動態的離散形式如下: $$\begin{align*} \delta \mathbf{p} & \gets \delta \mathbf{p} + \delta \mathbf{v} \Delta t \\ \delta \mathbf{v} & \gets \delta \mathbf{v} + (-\mathbf{R} [\mathbf{a}_m - \mathbf{a}_b]_\times \delta \boldsymbol{\theta} - \mathbf{R} \delta \mathbf{a}_b + \delta \mathbf{g}) \Delta t + \mathbf{v}_i \\ \delta \boldsymbol{\theta} & \gets \mathbf{R}^\top \{ (\boldsymbol{\omega}_m - \boldsymbol{\omega}_b) \Delta t \} \delta \boldsymbol{\theta} - \delta \boldsymbol{\omega}_b \Delta t + \boldsymbol{\theta}_i \\ \delta \mathbf{a}_b & \gets \delta \mathbf{a}_b + \mathbf{a}_i \\ \delta \boldsymbol{\omega}_b & \gets \delta \boldsymbol{\omega}_b + \boldsymbol{\omega}_i \\ \delta \mathbf{g} & \gets \delta \mathbf{g} \end{align*}$$ 其中,$\mathbf{v}_i$、$\boldsymbol{\theta}_i$、$\mathbf{a}_i$ 和 $\boldsymbol{\omega}_i$ 是應用於速度、方向和偏差估計的隨機脈衝,由白高斯過程建模。它們的均值為零,協方差矩陣通過對$\mathbf{a}_n$、$\boldsymbol{\omega}_n$、$\mathbf{a}_w$ 和 $\boldsymbol{\omega}_w$ 的協方差在步長時間$\Delta t$ 上進行積分得到。 $$ \mathbf{V}_i = \sigma_{\mathbf{a}_n}^2 \Delta t^2 \mathbf{I} \quad [m^2/s^2] \] \[ \boldsymbol{\Theta}_i = \sigma_{\boldsymbol{\omega}_n}^2 \Delta t \mathbf{I} \quad [\text{rad}^2] \] \[ \mathbf{A}_i = \sigma_{\mathbf{a}_w}^2 \Delta t \mathbf{I} \quad [m^2/s^4] \] \[ \boldsymbol{\Omega}_i = \sigma_{\boldsymbol{\omega}_w}^2 \Delta t \mathbf{I} \quad [\text{rad}^2/s^2] $$ 其中,$\sigma_{\mathbf{a}_n} [m/s^2] \)、\( \sigma_{\boldsymbol{\omega}_n} [\text{rad}/s] \)、\( \sigma_{\mathbf{a}_w} [m/s^2\sqrt{s}] \) 和 \( \sigma_{\boldsymbol{\omega}_w} [\text{rad}/s\sqrt{s}]$ 需從 IMU 資料表中獲得或通過實驗測量得到。 ### 誤差狀Jacobian和擾動矩陣 雅可比(Jacobian)矩陣通過簡單觀察上一節中的誤差狀態差分方程得到。 為了將這些方程簡化,我們考慮名義狀態向量 $\mathbf{x} \)、誤差狀態向量 \( \delta \mathbf{x} \)、輸入向量 \( \mathbf{u}_m \) 和擾動脈衝向量 \( \mathbf{i}$,如下所示: $$\mathbf{x} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{p} \\ \mathbf{v} \\ \mathbf{q} \\ \mathbf{a}_b \\ \boldsymbol{\omega}_b \\ \mathbf{g} \end{bmatrix}, \quad \delta \mathbf{x} = \begin{bmatrix} \delta \mathbf{p} \\ \delta \mathbf{v} \\ \delta \boldsymbol{\theta} \\ \delta \mathbf{a}_b \\ \delta \boldsymbol{\omega}_b \\ \delta \mathbf{g} \end{bmatrix}, \quad \mathbf{u}_m = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{a}_m \\ \boldsymbol{\omega}_m \end{bmatrix}, \quad \mathbf{i} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{v}_i \\ \boldsymbol{\theta}_i \\ \mathbf{a}_i \\ \boldsymbol{\omega}_i \end{bmatrix}$$ 線性化的誤差狀態系統表示為: $$\delta \mathbf{x} \leftarrow f( \mathbf{x}, \delta \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{u}_m, \mathbf{i} ) = \mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{x}} ( \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{u}_m ) \cdot \delta \mathbf{x} + \mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{i}} \cdot \mathbf{i}$$ ESKF 預測方程表示為: $$\mathbf{P} \leftarrow \mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{x}} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{x}}^\top + \mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{i}} \mathbf{Q}_{\mathbf{i}} \mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{i}}^\top $$ 其中,$\delta \mathbf{x} \sim \mathcal{N}\{\delta \hat{\mathbf{x}}, \mathbf{P}\}\),\(\mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{x}}\) 和 \(\mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{i}}\) 是函數 \(f()\) 對誤差和擾動向量的雅可比矩陣;\(\mathbf{Q}_{\mathbf{i}}$ 是擾動脈衝的協方差矩陣。 上述雅可比矩陣$\mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{x}}$、$\mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{i}}$和協方差矩陣$\mathbf{Q}_{\mathbf{i}}$的表達式如下。所有與狀態相關的值均直接從名義狀態中提取。 $$\mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{x}} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial \delta \mathbf{x}} \bigg|_{\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{u}_m} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{I} & \mathbf{I} \Delta t & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \mathbf{I} & -\mathbf{R}[\mathbf{a}_m - \mathbf{a}_b]_\times \Delta t & -\mathbf{R} \Delta t & 0 & \mathbf{I} \Delta t \\ 0 & 0 & \mathbf{R}^\top \{(\boldsymbol{\omega}_m - \boldsymbol{\omega}_b) \Delta t\} & 0 & -\mathbf{I} \Delta t & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \mathbf{I} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \mathbf{I} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \mathbf{I} \end{bmatrix} \quad \] \[ \mathbf{F}_{\mathbf{i}} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial \mathbf{i}} \bigg|_{\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{u}_m} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \mathbf{I} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \mathbf{I} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \mathbf{I} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \mathbf{I} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \quad \mathbf{Q}_{\mathbf{i}} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{V}_i & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \boldsymbol{\Theta}_i & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \mathbf{A}_i & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \boldsymbol{\Omega}_i \end{bmatrix} \quad $$ ### 演算法實作概要流程 1. **計算量測誤差:** - 獲取測量值 $\mathbf{z}_k$ - 根據名義狀態預測測量值 $$ \mathbf{z}_{k|k-1} = h(\mathbf{x}_{k|k-1}) $$ - 計算測量殘差 $$ \mathbf{y}_k = \mathbf{z}_k - \mathbf{z}_{k|k-1}$$ 2. **計算卡爾曼增益:** - 在名義狀態周圍線性化測量模型以獲得雅可比矩陣$\mathbf{H}_k$ $$ \mathbf{H}_k = \left. \frac{\partial h(\mathbf{x})}{\partial \delta \mathbf{x}_k} \right|_{\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{x}_{k|k-1}} $$ - 計算協方差 $$ \mathbf{S}_k = \mathbf{H}_k \mathbf{P}_{k|k-1} \mathbf{H}_k^\top + \mathbf{R} $$ - 計算卡爾曼增益 $$ \mathbf{K}_k = \mathbf{P}_{k|k-1} \mathbf{H}_k^\top \mathbf{S}_k^{-1} $$ 3. **更新名義狀態(nominal state):** - 使用卡爾曼增益和創新量更新誤差狀態 $$ \delta \mathbf{x}_k = \mathbf{K}_k \mathbf{y}_k $$ - 校正名義狀態 $$ \mathbf{x}_k = \mathbf{x}_{k|k-1} \oplus \delta \mathbf{x}_k $$ 其中,$\oplus$ 表示將名義狀態和誤差狀態組合的適當操作,對於線性系統可能是加法,對於非線性系統則可能是更複雜的操作。 4. **更新誤差狀態協方差:** - 更新誤差狀態協方差矩陣 $$ \mathbf{P}_k = (\mathbf{I} - \mathbf{K}_k \mathbf{H}_k) \mathbf{P}_{k|k-1} $$ - 在使用誤差狀態更新名義狀態後,將誤差狀態設為零 $$ \delta \mathbf{x}_k \leftarrow \mathbf{0} $$ 5. **重複:** - 對每個時間步 $k$ 重複時間更新和測量更新步驟。

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