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    ###### tags: `database` `note` `thu` {%hackmd theme-dark %} # ER/EER Modeling 回到首頁: [DB-Note](/GbetBojTSMCOFmpVUFB_TQ) ## 簡介 我們的目標就是,在針對生活中的資訊建立資料庫時, 如何有結構的,並最大程度的避免資料庫裡的兩大禁忌: 1. ***不得*** 有 ***空欄位*** (null value) 2. ***不得*** 有 ***重複的資料*** (否則要更新資料的時候就要多個一起更新) 因此我們發展出了ER/EER Diagram。 它可以幫助我們釐清資料和資料之間的關係,以及我們如何去存放他們在schema裡。 本頁會主要聚焦於如何將資料轉換成ER/EER Diagram。 ## 原則 ER-Model將一切的資料都拆解成三個部份 (類似物件導向的概念): ### 1. ***Entity*** / 實體 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Z4Y8cWc.png) 資料的形成勢必和某些物件或實體(*Entity*)有關。 其中還又有分: - ***Weak Entity*** ![](https://i.imgur.com/NVk0pTN.png) 這種實體只能依存於其它的實體而存在。 他的Primary Key只能在他自己的表格有用,出了他自己就不再是Candidate Key了。 往往會跟Identifying Relationship一起出現。 ### 2. ***Relationship*** / 關係 ![](https://i.imgur.com/7wkFoVd.png) 實體和實體之間的關係(*Relationship*)往往也會產生許多相關的資料。 其中也有分: - ***Identifying Relationship*** ![](https://i.imgur.com/vsSFWqh.png) 當一個實體因另一個實體而存在於這個Database裡時(e.g. 員工的家屬、學校的電腦),就會形成Identifying Relationship。 而主要的實體(e.g. 員工)的Primary Key往往會以Foreign Key的形式被加入次要的實體(e.g. 家屬)的表格裡。 而我們也因為想瞭解實體和實體之間的關係的細節,所以衍生了下列的符號: - ***Partial / Total Particapation*** ![](https://i.imgur.com/FXZhZAT.png) 表示是否每個實體都有"***參加該關係***"。 單線為Partial,雙線為Total。 - ***Cardinality Ratio*** ![](https://i.imgur.com/neOB5Am.png) 數字表示如果"***雙方都有實體參加該關係的前提下***",那雙方實體的數量比為何。 如果可能為1對多,則是1:N。 如果雙方數量不定,則為M:N。 有時會以下面的符號來表示: ![](https://i.imgur.com/9tGtGQC.png) ### 3. ***Attribute*** / 屬性 ![](https://i.imgur.com/nlm7bnC.png) 實體(*Entity*)、實體和實體之間的關係(*Relationship*)往往也都會產出衍生的屬性(*Attribute*)資料。 這些又分成以下幾種: - ***Key Attribute*** ![](https://i.imgur.com/tNmn3sG.png) 通常為該實體/關係的Primary Key。 - ***Multivalued Attribute*** ![](https://i.imgur.com/jxzpq8n.png) 同一個㯗位有時也會有許多同性質的資料。(e.g. 台灣的城市、老師的外號...etc) - ***Composite Attribute*** ![](https://i.imgur.com/FIcKseB.png) 像是名字、地址之類可以分很多段的資料。 在形成DB Schema時,通常會被打散然後直接分開寫入DB。 - ***Derived Attribute*** ![](https://i.imgur.com/ctFTMBO.png) 當該屬性可以從同一個資料庫中得到線索並算出時,就被稱為Derived Attribute。 e.g. 資料庫內已經有所有部門的清單了。那此時"部門數量"的欄位就是Derived Attribute。 ## Example ### ER-Diagram ![](https://i.imgur.com/Imz7Poe.png) ### DB Schema ![](https://i.imgur.com/ULlBx8p.png) ### SQL Code ![](https://i.imgur.com/V6ehxdb.png) ## Symbols ![](https://i.imgur.com/Z0aKA7m.png)

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