Alexander Stein
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    --- type: slide --- <style> .reveal { font-size: 24px; } .reveal h1, .reveal h2, .reveal h3, .reveal h4, .reveal h5, .reveal h6 { text-transform: none; } </style> # Boxes in boxes in boxes ![Cosmic-Nesting-Boxes-Look-from-the-outside-in-e1538020123683](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJ8l-_prp.jpg) ) --- ## Don't we like boxes? - Encoding and decoding data across programs and systems is a "solved problem." - Why should we still care? --- ## Context time - Binary data - Text data - Packing and encoding - Unpacking and decoding --- ### Binary Data - Videos - Images (JPEG, PNG) - Programs (on your desktop, laptop, phone everywhere) ```sh $ xxd /usr/bin/echo | head -n 8 00000000: 7f45 4c46 0201 0100 0000 0000 0000 0000 .ELF............ 00000010: 0300 3e00 0100 0000 c02f 0000 0000 0000 ..>....../...... 00000020: 4000 0000 0000 0000 b081 0000 0000 0000 @............... 00000030: 0000 0000 4000 3800 0d00 4000 1e00 1d00 ....@.8...@..... 00000040: 0600 0000 0400 0000 4000 0000 0000 0000 ........@....... 00000050: 4000 0000 0000 0000 4000 0000 0000 0000 @.......@....... 00000060: d802 0000 0000 0000 d802 0000 0000 0000 ................ 00000070: 0800 0000 0000 0000 0300 0000 0400 0000 ................ $ xxd cool_image.png | head -n 8 00000000: 8950 4e47 0d0a 1a0a 0000 000d 4948 4452 .PNG........IHDR 00000010: 0000 00c0 0000 0092 0806 0000 0013 9ac5 ................ 00000020: fb00 0000 0467 414d 4100 00b1 8f0b fc61 .....gAMA......a 00000030: 0500 000a 4969 4343 5073 5247 4220 4945 ....IiCCPsRGB IE 00000040: 4336 3139 3636 2d32 2e31 0000 4889 9d53 C61966-2.1..H..S 00000050: 7758 93f7 163e dff7 650f 5642 d8f0 b197 wX...>..e.VB.... 00000060: 6c81 0022 23ac 08c8 1059 a210 9200 6184 l.."#....Y....a. 00000070: 1012 40c5 8588 0a56 1415 119c 4855 c482 ..@....V....HU.. ``` --- ### Text Data `This is textual data.` ``` <html> <body> <p>This is textual data.</p> </body> </html> ``` --- ### The difference? What makes them different? Encoding! --- ### Packing into boxes To JSON, a byte number becomes a two-byte string. ```mermaid flowchart LR RawMemory1[-1] --> JSON['-1'] JSON --> RawMemory2['-' '-1'] ``` --- ### Unpacking from boxes From JSON, a string must be turned into two bytes. ```mermaid flowchart LR JSON['-1'] --> RawMemory2['-' '-1'] RawMemory2 -->|unpack| RawMemory1[-1] ``` --- ### Binary data in text data ![Cosmic-Nesting-Boxes-Look-from-the-outside-in-e1538020123683](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJ8l-_prp.jpg) ) --- ### Binary data in text data: side-stepping the problem - Network protocols need to send data - Cannot just send program state over the wire - Agnostic formats needed to exchange between different languages and runtimes - Even in JSON text data we need to safely string binary data. Enter [base64 encoding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64). - But at what cost? More and more packing into "boxes" of encoding. ```json { "result": "ok", "files": [ { "filename": "cool_image.png", "hash": { "type": "sha256", "value": "e5d683500f9afd30f5006c501e7fe849280457bff7465026050d83a8904c2ec7" }, "last_updated": 1701850182, "data": 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" } ] } ``` --- ### Why does it matter? - Performance, [generally](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/intarchboard/e-impact-workshop-public/main/papers/Moran-Birkholz-Bormann_Sustainability-considerations-for-networking-equipment.pdf.pdf) and for [specific, important use-cases](https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.07486) - Simplicity - Safety - [Security](https://bishopfox.com/blog/json-interoperability-vulnerabilities) --- ## Current solutions, current challenges - Current solutions: - JSON - XML - YAML - Encode binary data in text data - Challenges: - Parsers that require lots of memory - Data payloads are much larger - Nested encodings with - increase resource use - obscure and hide data --- ## Future solutions, new benefits - Future solutions: - CBOR - FlatBuffers - No nested encoding, so no more - emory-intensive parsers - complex parsing rules - obscuring data formats --- ## Conclusion - Use [CBOR](https://cbor.io/)! ---

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