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    --- robots: index, follow tags: NCTU, CS, 共筆 description: 交大資工課程學習筆記 lang: zh-tw dir: ltr breaks: true disqus: calee GA: UA-100433652-1 --- # 物理(二)----李威儀 回目錄 # ch17量子觀念的肇始 # **ch18****原子模型****-****ch****19****量子力學的基本假設** JJ湯木生 (電子,葡萄乾) -> 波耳原子模型 1. 電子只在特定軌道 L = rmv = nh (n e N) , h = h/2pi --> 吸收及放出光譜只有特定波長 2. 電子在特定軌道運動不會放出電磁波 # **ch20量子力學的處理方式** - 德布羅伊-物質波函式 => 解釋(粒子出現機率->不確定性) - 薛丁格 -> 微分方程 (波動力學 F=ma) - 海生堡 -> 矩陣 (抽象) - 薛丁格+包立 => 證兩者一樣 - 薛丁格方程式: - (複習) eiθ=cosθ+i sinθ - (複習) Aei(kx-ωt) = A [ cos(kx-ωt) + i sin(kx-ωt) ] -> free particle wave function, ψ(x,t) - |ψ| = A => 所有位置出現機率皆相同 - 實數波及虛數波有相同的波長及頻率 - λ = 2π / k - ν = ω / 2π - 確定動量及能量 - p = h / λ - E = hν - ∂ψ / ∂x = i k A ei(kx-ωt) - -ih' ∂ψ / ∂x = h' k A ei(kx-ωt) = (h/2π) (2π/λ) ψ (?) - -ih' ∂ψ / ∂x = pψ - -ih' ∂ / ∂x <--> p (-ih' ∂ / ∂x : operator, 運算子) - ∂ψ / ∂t = i k A ei(kx-ωt) - ih' ∂ψ / ∂t = h' ω A ei(kx-ωt) = (h/2π) 2π ν ψ (?) - ih' ∂ψ / ∂t = Eψ - ih' ∂ / ∂t <--> E (ih' ∂ / ∂t : operator, 運算子) - E = Ek + U = p2 / 2m + U - p and E replace by operator - Eψ = (p2 / 2m) ψ + U ψ - ih' ∂ψ / ∂t = 1/(2m) (-ih' ∂ / ∂x) (-ih' ∂ / ∂x)ψ + Uψ - ***ih' ∂ψ / ∂t = - h'******2******/(2m) * ∂******2******ψ / ∂x******2*** ***+ Uψ*** - => one-dimensional time-dependent Schrodinger equ. (上面非證明,猜的 such as F=ma的修正) - 驗證 - 自由粒子 (不受外力)(能量在等位面) - 令 U = 0 - => - h'2/(2m) * ∂2ψ / ∂x2 = ih' ∂ψ / ∂t - => (h'2k2) / 2m = h' ω - => ψ = A ei(kx-ωt) - p = h' k - E = h' ω = p2 / 2m = (h'2 k2) / 2m - 找出自由粒子出現的機率 - |ψ| = amplitude of wave - |ψ|2 ∝ 粒子出現的機率 - |ψ(x)|2 ∝ 在dx範圍內粒子出現的機率 - => if ψ(x,t) = A sin(kx-ωt), |ψ|2 = A2 (ψ∈ℝ) - => if ψ(x,t) = A ei(kx-ωt), |ψ|2 = ψ*ψ = A*e-i(kx-ωt) * A*ei(kx-ωt) = A* A = |A|2 - 推導 - 位置期望值:x' = ∫xP(x) dx = ∫ ψ* x ψ dx - 位能期望值:U' = ∫ ψ* U(x) ψ dx - 用 momentum operator 找 p: - p 的運算子:-i h' ∂/ ∂x - p' = ∫ ψ* (-ih' ∂/ ∂x) ψ dx - 用 momentum operator 找 E: - E 的運算子:-i h' ∂/ ∂t - E' = ∫ ψ* (-ih' ∂/ ∂t) ψ dx - Short Summary (猜) - 粒子出現機率 ∝ ψ* ψ = |ψ|2 - 位置期望值 x' = ∫ ψ* x ψ dx - 動量期望值 p' = ∫ ψ* (-ih' ∂/ ∂x) ψ dx ( (-ih' ∂/ ∂x)ψ = pψ ) - 能量期望值 E' = ∫ ψ* (-ih' ∂/ ∂t) ψ dx ( (-ih' ∂/ ∂t)ψ = pψ ) - First Principle: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/2/d/f2db3ade73de35ea38f2936e1c8c1e35.png) - 薛丁格方程式 ![](https://hackpad-attachments.imgix.net/nctucs08course.hackpad.com_9PjDibIZa5d_p.582121_1458482827037_s.png?fit=max&w=882) - 變數分離法: - 將含有多個變數的方程式分離成多個只有一個變數的方程式的乘積 - ψ(x,t) = Χ(x) * Γ(t) - => ( -h'2/(2m) ) * Γ(t) * ( d2Χ(x) / dx2 ) + Ep(x) Χ(x) Γ(t) = i h' * Χ(x) *( dΓ(t)/dt ) - => ( -h'2/(2m) )*( 1/Χ(x) )*( d2Χ(x) / dx2 ) + Ep(x)= i h' * ( 1/Γ(t) )*( dΓ(t)/dx ) - ( -h'2/(2m) )*( 1/Χ(x) )*( d2Χ(x) / dx2 ) = G - i h' * ( 1/Γ(t) )*( dΓ(t)/dx ) = G - G = E != 0 - **Γ(t) = e****(-iEt / h')** => 與時間無關 => 永遠此型 - => 原式 = ( -h'2/(2m) ) * ( 1/Χ(x) )*( d2Χ(x) / dx2 ) + EpΧ = EΧ (time-independent Schrodinger equation) - E:eigenvalue (特定值) - X:eigenfunction or eigenstate - 條件: - X(x) && dX/dt 都要是有限的值 - X(x) && dX/dt 所在的位置都必需只有一個值 - X(x) && dX/dt 所在的位置都必需是連續的 - => Xn(x) = B sin(n π/a) * x - 無限高位能井 - eigenfunction:Xn(x) = B sin(n π/a) * x - eigenvalue:En = h'2k2 / 2m = (n2π2 / a2)(h'2 / 2m) = **n****2****E****0** - **E****0** **= n****2** **π****2****h'****2** **/ (2m a****2****)** - ψ1(x,t) = Χ1(x) + Γ(t) = B sin(n π/a) * x * e(-iE0t / h') (取Ground state) - normalization: 各點出現機率的總和要等於 1 => ∫ ψ* x ψ dx = 1 => B = (2/a)1/2 - x' = a/2 - p' = 0 - E' = E0 - 巨觀:n -> infininte - 簡諧震盪體: - (k/m)1/2 = ω -> En = (n+1/2)h'ω = (n + 1/2)hν -> 符合普朗克假設 - 最低能量不是 0 -> 不符合普朗克假設 - 能階差為定值 - ground state: X0 = Ce(-sqrtr(mk)*x^2 / 2h') - using normalization => C = (mω/πh')1/4 - x(位移) 有可能超過最大振幅 (E = 1/2 hν)1/2 => xmax = (2E/k)1/2 - 粒子能量有可能超過有限位能井 -> Quantum Effect (穿隧效應) - Quantum Effect - potential barrier 夠薄 - ψ 衰減速度 ∝ -sqrt(2m(U0-E)) * x/h' (U0 = barrier heigth) => m要小 ![](https://hackpad-attachments.imgix.net/nctucs08course.hackpad.com_9PjDibIZa5d_p.582121_1458799019212_擷取選取區域_002.png?fit=max&w=882) - => Scanning Tunneling Microscope (原子力顯微鏡、電子穿隧顯微鏡) # **CH21 量子力學用於原子結構** - Schrodinger Equation - 原子內部能量不連續性 - Ep = (-1/4πε0) (Ze2/r) (Z:原子量) - 變數分離法+極座標 (r,θφ) <-- 唯一,連續,有限 - Φ = $-m_l^2$ - Θ => l(l+1) - R => l(l+1) => n - n (主量子數): decide E (能量量子化) - l (角量子數): 0...n-1 (s,p,d,f,...) => angular momentum L = sqrt(l(l+1)) * h' ( l 越小越靠近核心) - m (磁量子數): ±l (空間量子化) => 磁場的方向量子化(Lz = m*h') - Zeeman Effect (證空間量子化) 觀察有外加電場的原子輻射 - Stern-Gerlach Experiment 不均勻磁場 - s (Electron Span): (sqrt(3) / 2) * h' -> ±1/2 h' (電子自轉角動量) # **CH 22 鍵結與晶體結構** - 三態 - 凝態 - 固態 - amorplhous 非晶體 (無固定熔點) - crystal 晶體 - space lattice - 七類 cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, hexagonal, monoclinic, triclinic - basis - 離子鍵 -> 高熔點 - 共價鍵 covalent bound, tetrahedral structure - 金屬鍵 ( Metallic Bond ) - 分子鍵 / 凡得瓦鍵 ( Molecular or van der Waals Bond ) - polar - nonpolar - hydrogn - 液態 - 氣態 # **CH 17 ~ CH 22 review** # ch23 固體的自由電子理論 歐姆定律:V = i R J = εp ( J: 電流密度、ε: ?、p: 電導率 # **小考** **第一次 ch 17** - **The cut-off frequency for photoemission for a given metal is v0, What is the maximum energy of the emitted electrons when the metal is illuminated with light of frequency 3v0? (P. 267 17-11)** E = hv = h*(3v0-v0) = 2hv0 - **怎麼製造出近似理想的黑體?** - 做個空腔,上面弄個小洞,小洞即近似理想黑體,因其符合黑體「光的完全吸收體」的條件 ![](https://hackpad-attachments.imgix.net/nctucs08course.hackpad.com_9PjDibIZa5d_p.595365_1460207438109_IMG_2427.jpg?fit=max&w=882) **第二次 ch 18, 19** - **舉出一個 simulated emission 的重要特性** - 同向性、同相性、放大性 - **解釋哥本哈根學派的中心思想(波函數的意義)** - 波函數代表物體出現的機率 **第三次 ch 20** - **為何X(x)要在任意點連續?** - 因為他必須在任何位置上可微分 - **習題20-3** - ABC三個式子選一個作答,C: x(0) = -∞, 不符合有限性 **第四次 ch21, 22** - **解釋包利不相容原理 (30s)** - **根據原子鍵結的週期性,解釋為何玻璃不具備固定及明顯的熔點 (1m30s)** # **期中考** **(ch17-22)** 可能題 - 為何雷射在自然界中不易發生 - 請利用單電子的雙狹縫干涉解釋哥本哈根學派的理念 - # **期末考**

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