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# 零知识证明与区块链扩容 Zero Knowledge && Blockchain Scalability [toc] 年前我报名了 03 月 25 日 在台北举办的 [SITCON](https://sitcon.org/2019/),正好看到 [Changwu](https://www.linkedin.com/in/changwu-tw) 分享 Vitalik 03 月 15 日会来 Taipei Ethereum Meetup 的活动,于是就决定提前动身。Vitalik 当天在台北的行程也安排的很满,一共会出席三个活动 [^1]。但根据我以往的经验,最重要的活动当然是晚上的 Taipei Ethereum Meetup,每次 Vitalik 来 Taipei 都会带来一些新的 idea[^2],这次果然也是如此。 zKSnarks 和 Layer2 我们都不陌生,[但是 zKSnarks 可以用来做扩容](https:https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=aEqhjpjoaEA)[^3],很多人包括我就是第一次听说了。再把这个结合进 Layer2,知道的人恐怕就更少了。 在这次的演讲中,Vitalik 首次提出了自己对这一问题的一系列想法,以及其 Layer2 中数据可用性问题([Data Availability Problem](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJT_fR7wexw))的联系。下面是这次演讲相关的资料,其中 [Trenton Van Epps](https://twitter.com/trent_vanepps) 在 Medium 上忠实的记录了这次 Tech Talk 的 Transcript,并且包含了许多相关的资料和历史记录,强烈推荐大家阅读。 - [Recorded Livestream](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOm47gBMfg8) - [Slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1EVjrZhoxw-ikzelFGGv7czxuJsIIWfl5I-CPIlnjsME/edit#slide=id.p) - [Transcript](https://medium.com/@trenton.v/transcript-scalable-blockchains-as-data-layers-vitalik-buterin-11aa18b37e07?sk=52eba61c9f8eb4a2462e9a45bc00df81) | [中译](http://blog.hubwiz.com/2019/03/17/ethereum-vitalik-taibei/) [^1]: [證劵型代幣融合區塊鏈與實體世界——台灣的金融新契機](https://www.accupass.com/event/1902270632438226436330) | [A Day in Life: Crypto Congressman 區塊鏈立委的一天]( https://www.facebook.com/augama/videos/10156883020352040/) [^2]: [Keyword Vitalik in Taipei Ethereum Meetup](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVmRAQeesq4TA3rdvbz-IkQ/search?query=vitalik) [^3]: [Kent Barton & Alex Gluchowski ~ Scaling With Zero Knowledge](https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=aEqhjpjoaEA) ## 区块链扩容三元悖论 Blockchain Scalability Trilemma 从比特币到以太坊,围绕扩容产生的争议从来就没有断绝过,这点只要看比特币的各种分叉就可见一斑了。 我们知道目前以太坊最大的挑战也是在维持 decentralized & secure 的前提下,解决 scalable 的问题。类比分布式数据库中的三元悖论,在公有链之中,这被称之为扩容悖论 (Scalability Trilemma)。在 [以太坊官方关于 Sharding 的文档](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Sharding-FAQ#this-sounds-like-theres-some-kind-of-scalability-trilemma-at-play-what-is-this-trilemma-and-can-we-break-through-it) 里,扩容悖论 (Scalability Trilemma) 的定义如下: > The trilemma claims that blockchain systems can only at most have two of the following three properties: > > - **Decentralization** (defined as the system being able to run in a scenario where each participant only has access to O\(c\) resources, i.e. a regular laptop or small VPS) > - **Scalability** (defined as being able to process O(n) > O\(c\) transactions) > - **Security** (defined as being secure against attackers with up to O(n) resources) 不过 Vitalik 也曾在 Twitter 中提到过,自己一直认为扩容悖论从来都不是一个不可能的结果,而是一个困难的追求目标[^4]。围绕扩容的争议与各种创新,通证通研究院 x FENBUSHI DIGITAL 写过 [一组不错的文章](https://medium.com/search?q=%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%BC%95%E5%8D%B7) 可供参考: [^4]: [“And the trilemma was never an impossibility result, it was claiming that getting 3 of 3 is *hard*.”](https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1050117973543858176) - [坎坷的 “共识机制” 之路 —— 区块链技术引卷之一](https://medium.com/@tokenroll/%E5%9D%8E%E5%9D%B7%E7%9A%84-%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6-%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF-%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%BC%95%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80-25557c66af70) - [扩容,解决区块链的阿克琉斯之踵 —— 区块链技术引卷之二](https://medium.com/@tokenroll/%E6%89%A9%E5%AE%B9-%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E7%90%89%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E8%B8%B5-%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%BC%95%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C-78424fabec41) - [主流区块链共识机制的简介与比较  —— 区块链技术引卷之三](https://medium.com/@tokenroll/%E4%B8%BB%E6%B5%81%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B%E4%B8%8E%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83-%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%BC%95%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%89-e8d1995554b5) - [分片:分而治之,无限扩展  —— 区块链技术引卷之四](https://medium.com/@tokenroll/%E5%88%86%E7%89%87-%E5%88%86%E8%80%8C%E6%B2%BB%E4%B9%8B-%E6%97%A0%E9%99%90%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95-%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%BC%95%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%9B-d835f0a2f738) <!--- ### 区块扩容与 DPos ### Layer2 解决方案 - Ethereum Plasma, Coscup 2018, https://youtu.be/s7GGlk8CV5I?t=16606 --> ## 用零知识证明进行扩容 Scaling With Zero Knowledge ### 零知识证明 Zero Knowledge Proof 共有链领域的另一大难题就是用户隐私的问题,Vitalik 也多次在 Tech Talk 以及 Blog 中阐述这一议题[^5],而 zKSnarks 就是这个领域最为强大的密码学武器之一。 关于 zKSnarks,以太坊上的身份识别系统 [uPort](https://medium.com/uport) 的创始人 [Christian Lundkvist](https://twitter.com/chrislundkvist) 在 [ConsenSys Media](https://media.consensys.net/) 上也写过 [一篇引人入胜的文章](https://media.consensys.net/introduction-to-zksnarks-with-examples-3283b554fc3b?source=search_post---------0) 可供参考。 [^5]: [Vitalik Buterin at ETHWaterloo: Blockchains and Privacy through Strong Cryptography](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cDFpACnK1U&t=759s) | [Zk-SNARKs: Under the Hood](https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/zk-snarks-under-the-hood-b33151a013f6) ### 用零知识证明进行扩容 Scaling With Zero Knowledge Vitalik 在这次的演讲中,用了两页 PPT 来介绍这一方法的历史,并且提到在 Alex Gluchowski 和 Kent Barton 在 ETHDenver 2019 上的 [报告](https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=aEqhjpjoaEA) 中,就已经详细介绍了这一机制。简答来说,我们可以类比 Plasma,不过最大的不同时在 ZK Rollup 中我们不需要 [设计各种 tricky 的方法来解决数据可用性问题 (Data Availability Problem)](https://medium.com/onther-tech/data-availability-problem-in-implementing-plasma-design-6e23df1a147f),因为所有交易都被发布到链,并且没有签名。 这种方法可以安全地将转账操作的 tps 从 15 增加 500。 ### 作为数据层的可扩展区块链 Scalable Blockchains as Data Layers ZK ZK Rollup 的基本思想就是在 ZK Rollup 的基础上在里面嵌入一个 Mini 版本的 Zcash 机制。这样 Relayer 就无需发布 Txs,而只要发布每次的交易回执(Receipts)即可。除了和 ZK Rollup 一样可以提高 tps 之外,Vatalik 也提到了这种方法的一些潜在应用,其中最为激动人心的的应用就是可以加速跨片之间的交易。 ## 总结 To Sum Up 这样一圈看下来,ZK Rollup 本质上也是一种空间换时间的策略,将每次交易的回执放在链上做验证,而把计算任务放在侧链中完成。 在加密货币播客节目 [Magical Crypto Friends](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVVDsIYJBQ_C7Bh_aI3ZMxQ) 的主题曲 [Magical Cryptoland 的歌词](http://www.shuizilong.com/house/archives/magical-crypto-friends-magical-cryptoland/) 中,就写到 > Scaling the right way is a long and challenging road. > SegWit is now here - for the UASF we cheer. > Layer 2 solutions are a must, > Always verify, don't trust. > 通过 ZK ZK Rollup,我们可以更清楚的认识到为什么说 Layer 2 解决方案是不可或缺的了。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/9V43BDe.png)

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