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    --- title: 容器 - Python 教學 description: 中興大學資訊研究社1091學期程式分享會主題社課 tags: Python --- #### meet.google.com/czn-pbav-zvr ### md.nchuit.cc/py/ # 容器+流程控制 > [name=ZJ][time= 110,10,11] [toc] --- # 容器 翻譯 | `int` | `float` | `str` | `bool` | | ----- | ------- | ----- | ------ | | 整數 | 浮點數 | 字串 | 布林值 | | `list` | `dict` | `tuple` | `set` | | ------ | ------ | ------- | ----- | | 串列 | 字典 | 元組 | 集合 | --- ## 串列 (List) List 在 Python 中常常用來儲存連續性的資料,在使用上與 C/C++ 中的 **陣列(array)** 有許多相似之處。 不過**list**這個字本身就是不包含長度的意思,在建立之初不用(也不可以)宣告長度,用實際物品比喻的話可以理解為單字卡(下圖) >btw 如果想出建立有初始長度的請搭配generator使用 ![](https://i.imgur.com/r35oBTz.jpg) 並且能藉由自帶的功能(methon)來實現元素的新增或移除 --- Python 建立 List 時以中括號將元素包起來,<br>值得一提的是:List 能將 **不同型態** 的資料放在一起 ```python example = [123, 'word', True, [], {}] ``` | 索引 | example | | ---- | -------- | | 0 | `123` | | 1 | `'word'` | | 2 | `True` | | 3 | `[]` | | 4 | `{}` | --- ## 字典 (Dictionary) Dictionary 與 List 的區別就只是包著的符號改成大括號、需要特別宣告 ***鍵值(key)*** 而已。 ```python= example = {4:123, 2:'word', 0:True} ``` | 索引 | example | | ---- | -------- | | 4 | `123` | | 2 | `'word'` | | 0 | `True` | --- ### `dict`補充說明 ``dict`` 是 **無序** 的。 ``dict`` 的 ***鍵值(key)*** **只可以**是<br>``int``, ``str``, 或 ``tuple`` ```python= ex1 = {3:[], 27:[]} # key 為 int 的 dict ex2 = {'m':[], 'l':[]} # key 為 str 的 dict ex3 = {(7,9):[], (4,2):[]} # key 為 tuple 的 dict ``` --- #### 資料型態 `tuple, set` 補充 `tuple, set` 類似 `list` 什麼都能塞,但 ```python= t = (1,'words',False) # tuple 不能變動 s = {0.0,True,'luv'} # set 無法取 index ``` --- ##### 延伸 `tuple, set, list` 可以互相 **轉型** ```python= t = (1,'words',False) s = {2.0,True,'luv'} l = [False,0,'abc'] #下面隨便看看就好,傷眼睛 ts = tuple(s) #ts = (2.0,True,'luv') tl = tuple(l) #tl = (False,0,'abc') st = set(t) #st = {1,'words',False} sl = set(l) #sl = {False,0,'abc'} lt = list(t) #lt = [1,'words',False] ls = list(s) #ls = [2.0,True,'luv'] ``` --- ::: spoiler 練習 ```python= ex = {'a':(True, False), 'b':[3, 2, 7]} print(ex['b'][2]) #輸出: 7 ``` --- ::: 建立一個包含<br>全是 `int` 的 `list` 和全是 `bool` 的 `tuple`、<br>索引值為 `str` 的 `dict` | 索引 | ex | | ---- | ------------- | | a | `(True, False)` | | b | `[3, 2, 7]` | --- ## 元素存取 ``list, dict`` 中要存取其中的某一筆資料,直接在後面加上 ``[index]`` 即可 ```python= e = ['word', 123, False] print(e[0]) # list 索引值從 0 開始 #輸出: word d = {'m':420,'w':327,'d':105} print(d['w']) # 字串索引 dict 取元素需打上'' #輸出: 327 ``` 補充: `str` 取索引值會取得位於該索引值上的字元 ```python= w = 'lth' print(w[2]) #輸出: h ``` --- ``list`` 中如果取 index 為 -1 即為 ``list`` 中最後一個元素 ```python= e = ['word', 123, False] print(e[-1]) #輸出: False print(e[-2]) #輸出: 123 ...依此類推 ``` 注意: index 取負號只限 `list` 或 `tuple` --- ## 元素變換 ### 範例 ```python= e = ['word', 123, False] e[-1] = 2.0 print(e) #輸出: ['word', 123, 2.0] d = {'m':420,'w':327,'d':104} d['d'] += 1 #在原有的數字上+1 print(d) #輸出: {'m':420,'w':327,'d':105} ``` --- ::: spoiler 練習 將字串:`'hello'`取代為 `list:['hello']` ```python= ex[0] = ['hello'] ``` --- ::: 試試看 在以下程式碼中間加一行使輸出為 hello ```python= ex = ['hello', 123, False] #加在這 print(ex[0][0]) #原輸出: h ``` --- ## `list` 取範圍 List 中還有一個特性就是能指定範圍。 使用中括號 ``[a:b]`` 即為 `list` 索引值 a~b 的部分,如 ```python= list_example=['0',1,'2',3,'4',5,'6'] print(list_example[2:-1]) #[:-#]有別於[-#:]、[-#] #輸出:['2', 3, '4', 5] ``` --- ### 補充 取範圍還有其他特定位置的用法,如 省略起始: ``[:9]``$\iff$``[0:9]`` 省略結尾: ``[1:]``$\iff$``[1:len(list)]`` 取範圍同樣適用 ``str, tuple``,但 `tuple` 只能取、不能動。另因為 `dict` 無序,無法取範圍。 ``len()`` : 取得``list``有幾個元素、或``dict``有幾組資料 --- ::: spoiler 練習 ```python= print(ex[-4:]) #輸出: hijk print(ex[:5]) #輸出: abcde print(ex[1:-4]) #輸出: bcdefg ``` --- ::: 試對字串 `ex` 取範圍 ```python= ex = 'abcdefghijk' ``` 輸出 ``` hijk abcde bcdefg ``` --- ## `list` 新增元素 ### 1.`append(object)` `append()` 能將資料新增在list 的結尾 格式: `append(`你要插入的資料`)` ```python= e = list() #同 e = [] e.append(3.27) e.append('x') print(e) #輸出[3.27, 'x'] ``` --- ### 2.`insert(int,object)` `insert()` 能將元素插入指定位置 格式: `insert(`你要插入的index`,`你要插入的元素`)` ```python= e = [6, 'x', 9, 'y'] e.insert(2,True) print(e) #輸出: [6, 'x', True, 9, 'y'] ``` --- ## `dict` 新增元素 `dict` 中新增元素需要搭配鍵值(key/index)新增,方法有兩種 ```python= d = dict() #同 d = {} #方法1: 取想新增的索引值後賦值,常用 d['d'] = 105 #方法2: 運用setdefault()成對塞進去,限鍵值不存在時使用 d.setdefault('x', True) print(d) #輸出: {'d': 105, 'x': True} ``` --- ### `setdefault()` 延伸 ```python= d = dict() # setdefault() 常用來新增 list 或 set 後進行操作 d.setdefault('e',[4.2]).append(3.27) d.setdefault('s',{7.1}).add(105)# set 新增元素用 add() print(d) #輸出: {'e': [4.2, 3.27], 's': {105, 7.1}} test = d.setdefault('e') #有了鍵值之後後面打啥都沒用 print(test) # 看看這是什麼 #輸出: [4.2, 3.27] print(d['e']) # 再看看這是什麼 #輸出: [4.2, 3.27] ``` --- ::: spoiler 練習 ```python= d['a'].insert(1,'C') d['a'].append('U') d['b'] = 'IT' #或 d.setdefault('b','IT') ``` --- ::: 不使用 元素變換,試將 `d` 透過 新增元素 變成 `dd`。 ```python= d = {'a':['N','H']} #新增元素 dd = {'a':['N','C','H','U'], 'b':'IT'} print(d,'' if(d == dd) else 'Wrong answer') ``` --- ## 移除元素 ### 1.`remove(object)` 使用 `remove()` 可以移除 `list` 中的指定資料 格式: `remove(`你要移除的資料`)` ```python= e = ['0',1,'2',3] e.remove('0') e.remove(1) print(e) #輸出: ['2', 3] ``` 注意 : `remove()` 適用 `list, set`, 另 `dict` 無法移除指定資料 --- ### 2.`pop(int/str)` `pop()` 可以根據輸入的 index 位置來移除元素 格式: `pop(`想移除元素的索引值/鍵值`)` ```python= e = ['a',1,'2',3] e.pop(2) print(e) #輸出: ['a', 1, 3] e.pop() #list 中如果空白的話則會移除最後一個 print(e) #輸出: ['a', 1] ``` --- 另外 `pop()` 是能回傳值的,如 ```python= e = ['x',1,'2',3] return_pop = e.pop(0) print(return_pop) #輸出: x ``` --- ::: spoiler 練習 ```python= d['a'].pop() #或 pop(3) 或 remove('U') d['a'].pop(1) #或 remove('C') d.pop('b') ``` --- ::: 不使用 元素變換,試將 `d` 透過 移除元素 變成 `dd`。 ```python= d = {'a':['N','C','H','U'], 'b':'IT'} #移除元素 dd = {'a':['N','H']} print(d,'' if(d == dd) else 'Wrong answer') ``` --- 有趣的題外話: JSON ```python=! d={ 'PlayName':'Mandy', 'BagItem':{ 'sword':{ 'LV':5, 'atk':2 }, 'hat':{ 'LV':10, 'def':3 } }, 'Equipment':{ 'GM hat':{ 'LV':1, 'def':999 }, 'GM Gun':{ 'LV':1, 'atk':999 } } } ``` --- ## leetcode https://leetcode.com/problems/linked-list-cycle/ https://leetcode.com/problems/reverse-linked-list/ --- # list dic 先這樣 # 流程控制 ---- # 迴圈 --- ## 前言 程式寫作時,我們常常需要重複執行某段程式,這時迴圈的使用就顯得很重要 當我們已知or可計算執行的次數時我們常用for迴圈 而當執行次數難以計算時,就比較適合用while迴圈 --- # for 用法: for (一物件) in (所有物件) : 簡單來說 就是 ``` for "自己取的變數名稱" in "list,taple....": "你要執行的程式碼" ``` **PS:注意縮排** ---- 我們每次執行 都會從 後面的 list **依序** 拿其中一個元素對他做處理 Q:那我只是單純的想做100次呢? 那就用"range()" --- ## for 範例1 for 後面接一個 range() 如 ```python= for i in range(5): print(i) # 0,1,2,3,4 ``` ---- ### range > class range(stop) > class range(start, stop[, step]) 用法 1. 單純設定一個停止的數 如range(30) ```python= # 0,1,2,3,4,....29 ``` ---- 2. 設定開頭和結尾 如range(5,30) ```python= # 5,6,7,8,9,10...29 #是5到29 ``` 3. 設定開頭、結尾和每一次加多少(step) 如range(5,30,5) ```python= # 5,10,15,20,25 ``` 當然數字不一定是要正的,負的也行 ---- ::: spoiler 練習1 ```python= k = int(input("input: ")) for i in range(k, -1, -1): print(i, end=" ") ``` ::: 輸入:n 輸出:n 到 0 ex:10,9,8,7,6,....0 hint: 注意range()的範圍 ```python= x = int(input()) #輸入一個數字,並轉為整數的型態 print(x) #輸出一個數字 ``` ---- :::spoiler 練習2 ```python= n = int(input()) fb_list=[] for i in range(n): if i == 0 or i == 1: fb_list.append(1) else : fb_list.append(fb_list[-1]+fb_list[-2]) print(fb_list) ``` ::: 輸入:n 輸出:F1~Fn 的費氏數列 ex: input:6 output:1,1,2,3,5,8, input:8 output:1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21, hint: ``` 用list存 ``` --- ### for 範例2 for 後面接一個list 舉例來說 ```python= list=[2,4,5,8,1,3] for x in list: print(x) # 2,4,5,8,1,3 ``` 當然,不一定要都是相同的型態 ```python= list=['gawr','gura',1,0,0,'!'] for x in list: print(x,end='') ``` ---- ::: spoiler 練習3 ```python= list_A=[1,2,3,54,4,4,6,8] for i in list_A: print(2*i, end=' ') ``` ::: 給定 ```python= list_A=[1,2,3,54,4,4,6,8] ``` 輸出: 兩倍的list_A ex: [2,4,6,108,8.....] ---- ::: spoiler 練習3.5 ```python= list_B = [1,2,3,54,4,4,6,8] list_C = [] for i in range(-1, -len(list_B)-1, -1): list_C.append(list_B[i]) for i in list_C: print(i, end=" ") ``` --- ::: 給定 ```python= list_B=[1,2,3,54,4,4,6,8] ``` 輸出: 新的list_C=list_B的反過來 ex: [8,6,4,4,54,3,2,1] >hint: Using "insert()" to add item in new list --- ### for 範例3 ~~防風林外還有防風林外還有防林~~ for 迴圈中當然也還能有for 迴圈 而要怎麼判斷屬於哪層的for迴圈則是看縮排 ```python= list_G=[['x1','x2','x3'],['y1','y2','y3'],['z1','z2','z3']] for dim in list_G: for pos in dim: print(pos) ``` ---- 上面這 第一個 dim指的是 list 中的 list ```python= a=10 b=20 count=0 for i in range(a): for j in range(b): count += 1 #count = count + 1 print(count) ``` 猜猜看會輸出多少? 因為內層的 for 執行了20次count+=1 而外層的 for 執行了內層的 for 10次 所以20*10=200 ```python= a=10 b=20 count=0 for i in range(a): count+=1 for j in range(b): count+=1 print(count) ``` 那這樣是多少呢? ### 印星星 for 搭配 if ```python= a=int(input("多高")) listA=['gura',1,0,0,'!'] for x in listA: print(x,end=' ') print('') for i in range(a): if i==(int)(a/1.5): for j in range(a+i+1): if j>=a-i and j<=a+i+1: print('*',end='') else: print(' ',end='') else: for j in range(a): if j==a-i: print('*',end='') else: print(' ',end='') for j in range(i+1): if j==i: print('*',end='') else: print(' ',end='') print('') ``` ::: spoiler 練習4 (easy) ```python= a=int(input()) for i in range(a): for j in range(a): print('*',end='') print('') ``` --- ::: 輸入 n 印出 n*n的正方形 ex: input=3 output= **\* \*\*\* \*\*\* --- ::: spoiler 練習5(hard 題目我抄來的) ```python= a=int(input()) count=0 for i in range(a): for j in range(1, i//2): if (i%j)==0: count+=1 if count==1: print(i,end=',') count=0 ``` --- ::: 輸入 n 印出 所有小於n的質數 ex: input=15 output=2,3,5,7,11,13 --- #### 練習6(hard) 輸入 n 印出 半徑為n的圓形 you may need [sqrt()](https://www.runoob.com/python/func-number-sqrt.html) and [round()](https://www.runoob.com/python/func-number-round.html) ```python= import math r=int(input()) count=0 for i in range(2*r+1): for j in range(2*r+1): if (i-r)**2+(j-r)**2<=r**2 and (i-r)**2+(j-r)**2>=r**2 : print('*',end='') else: print(' ',end='') print('') ``` ## while whlie 通常用於我們不知道做幾次,但是知道甚麼時候該結束的事件 ```python= a=2 while(a<4096): a*=a print(a) ``` 上面範例就是a一直平方直到a>=4096 ```python= a=1 k=' ' while(k): k=input() a+=1 print(a,k) print('--end--') ``` 這段程式碼則是會在k沒有輸入時停止 ### break (can also use in for loop) 在執行到一半時,如果我們希望能直接跳出迴圈則使用break ![](https://i.imgur.com/e11sqIL.jpg) break! ```python= a=1 k=' ' while(k): k=input() if k=='exit': break a+=1 print(a,k) print('--end--') ``` 上面程式在k==exit時會直接跳出while loop ### continue (can also use in for loop) ```python= a=1 k=' ' while(k): k=input() if k== 'pass': continue a+=1 print(a,k) if k=='exit': break print('--end--') ``` ::: spoiler practice 01 input 整數n ,n>0 請輸出 n 的二進位數 ```python= a=int(input()) output='' while(a>0): output=str(int(a%2))+output a=a-(a%2) a=a/2 print(output) ``` --- ::: ex: input:4 output:100 input:15 output:1111 --- ## 疑難雜症 ### for x in list?? 舉例來說 ```python= list=[2,4,5,8,1,3] for x in list: print(x) # 2,4,5,8,1,3 ``` 不過這邊的運算大概是這樣 ```python= list=[2,4,5,8,1,3] for i in range(len(list)): x=list[i] print(x) ``` . . . . ```python= a=[-1,2,-3,-4,5,6,7,-8,9,-10,11] for x in a: x+=10 print(a) ``` 對x的操作只影響x 不影響list . . . ```python= a=[-1,2,-3,-4,5,6,7,-8,9,-10,11] for x in a: if x<0: a.remove(x) print(a) ``` ```python= a=[-1,2,-3,-4,5,6,7,-8,9,-10,11] for x in a[:]: if x<0: a.remove(x) print(a) ``` 如果對list直接操做要注意是否會影響跌代的結構 # 補充 for 迴圈其實是呼叫一個迭代器 [Python進階技巧 (6) — 迭代那件小事:深入了解 Iteration / Iterable / Iterator / \_\_iter__ / \_\_getitem__ / \_\_next__ / yield](https://medium.com/citycoddee/python%E9%80%B2%E9%9A%8E%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7-6-%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E9%82%A3%E4%BB%B6%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8B-%E6%B7%B1%E5%85%A5%E4%BA%86%E8%A7%A3-iteration-iterable-iterator-iter-getitem-next-fac5b4542cf4) 所以可以透過自訂迭代邏輯來客製化迴圈 ex: ```python= class MyIterator: def __init__(self): self.total_times = 0 self.index = 0 def add_times(self, times): self.total_times += times return self def __iter__(self): return self def __next__(self): self.index += 1 if self.index <= self.total_times: return self.index else: self.index -= 1 raise StopIteration my_iterator = MyIterator() for item in my_iterator.add_times(3): print(item) for item in my_iterator.add_times(3): print(item) for item in my_iterator: print(item) ``` # leetcode? https://leetcode.com/problems/two-sum/ https://leetcode.com/problems/add-two-numbers/ https://leetcode.com/problems/climbing-stairs/ ---- #### 填個[回饋單](https://forms.gle/vr8panG1mi59t49v7)複習一下吧 [![](https://i.imgur.com/nLqdswU.png)](https://forms.gle/vr8panG1mi59t49v7) <style>hr{display:none;}</style>

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