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    ###### tags: `社會福利行政` # 社會福利行政的規劃 [TOC] ## 規劃的意涵與類型 ### 規劃的意涵與目的 * 意涵 * 規劃是一種分析與選擇的過程,它係組織針對未來所要完成的工作,配合未來環境的評估分析來設定工作目標,並擬訂與擇定用 來達成目標的活動。 * 規劃是訂定目標、建立達成目標的策略,並發展一套有系統的計畫,來整合並協調組織的活動。 * 目的/重要性 * 規劃提供方向與目標,可以增進成功的機會。 * 規劃可增進組織適應環境的變遷,降低不確定性的風險。 * 規劃可使組織成員重視組織整體目標,減少資源的重疊與浪費。 * 規劃有助於組織其他功能的發揮,並建立作為控制之用的目標。 ### 規劃的類型 #### 依涉略廣度區分 * 策略性規劃/策略行動計畫(約為3-5年) * 策略性規劃係組織全面性的、長期性的計畫,其主要目的在是實現組織願景,達成主要目標。 * 策略行動計畫著重的,就是欲將組織各功能及單位的各種行動加以整合起來,以使這些行動計畫能夠支援整個組織的策略;有效的策略行動計畫必須具備幾項要件 * 前瞻性:對未來採取長期觀點以及將組織引領到正確方向的程度。 * 相符性:符合組織特性、外部環境的程度。 * 綜效:組合組織各單位的行動,以期能達成目標。 * 功能(戰術)性規劃/功能(戰術)行動計畫(約為1-2年) * 功能性規劃係各功能部門的計畫,亦即針對策略行動計畫的某些特定部分,明訂必須執行什麼活動,何時必須完成什麼活動,以及各單位或部門所需要的資源。 * 功能性行動計畫主要考量的是如何完成事情,而不是決定做什麼,主要有兩個重要的項目 * 分工 * 預算 * 作業性規劃/作業行動計畫(≦1年) * 作業性規劃係針對某一特定作業,明訂其資源、方法、時間表、品質管理等議題的計畫。 * 作業行動計畫主要著重於如何實踐功能性行動計畫,達成作業目標,主要有兩種基本類型 * 單一用途計畫(方案或專案) * 經常性計畫(政策、標準作業程序、及規則與規定) * 權變性規劃/權變行動計畫 * 權變性規劃係指若某項欲進行的行動計畫遭到意外干擾或執行不順利時,其所擬訂的權變行動計畫之不同行動方案可逕行取代之。 * 權變性規劃有四個行動切入點 * 擬訂組織的基本計畫 * 執行計畫 * 確立情境事件的指標 * 順利完成計畫或權變計畫 #### 依時間幅度區分 * 長期計畫:三年以上 * 中期計畫:一到三年 * 短期計劃:一年以內 #### 依明確程度區分 * 具體性計畫 * 方向性計畫 #### 依重複性區分 * 經常性計畫 * 方案計畫 ## 理性規劃的步驟與評估準則 * 選擇與設定目標 * 有效的設定目標促使良好規劃的產生,好的規劃可幫助目標的達成,目標主要包括 * 策略性 * 功能性 * 作業性 * 衡量機構可用的資源 * 將標的與可用的設備、預算和經費以及社區對服務的支持加以連結。 * 列出各種可供選擇的方案 * 考慮各種可行方案,並仔細地描述和評估,以選取最佳且最可行的方案。 * 評量各種可供選擇的方案 * 依確切的指標或從各種角度,對可能方案的可能結果加以評估。 * 選擇最適當的方案 * 選擇一個最適當的方案,以期能以最有效率的方式獲致期望的結果。 * 規劃具體的行動方案 * 擬訂達成目標之具體明確的行動方案,善用甘特圖作為規劃時程的工具。 * 方案的修正 * 若改變可為機構帶來有利的資源或結果,一位稱職的主管應當機立斷地更改計畫。 ### 優質計畫的要件 * 計畫必須要有充分的資料做基礎 * 計畫的成果可讓不同的利害關係人盡可能獲得均衡的利益 * 計畫之長、短期成果是平衡的 * 計畫必須要有說服力 * 計畫必須是有用的 ## 規劃的障礙與因應 * 規劃能力不足 * 降低機構員工的流動率、強化在職訓練 * 規劃程序不當 * 強化員工訓練、參與管理 * 管理者對規劃缺乏決心與承諾 * 激發管理者對規劃的興趣 * 資訊使用的不當 * 適時與正確掌握資訊 * 僅重視可控制的變項 * 使用腦力激盪、彈性原則 * 重視近程而忽略遠程目標 * 納入前瞻性績效考核 * 重視局部而忽略整體 * 善用溝通、協調 ## 策略規劃 ### 策略規劃的意函 * 意義 * 係指對組織整體長遠之未來方向的思考,它係以系統分析的方法審視組織與其環境的關係,以釐清組織未來的方向,並可增進組織為將面臨的挑戰預作準備與控制環境的能力。 * 特徵 * 對組織整體之長期使命做詳細的研討與明確的認定。 * 界定組織之各直接與間接利害關係人(與團體),並評估個別組織利害關係人對達成長期使命的影響力,與其對組織之目的與運作的態度。 * 基於組織之使命與針對組織利害關係人的分析,以決定組織之策略目標。 * 發展與訂定組織之策略以達成組織之策略目標。 ### 策略管理的步驟 * 確認當前的使命與目的 * 為了發展組織的策略,組織成員必須先確認組織當前的使命、目的和策略。 * 建立使命宣言,使命宣言陳述的重點包括 * 目的 * 任務 * 價值 * 建立願景宣言 * 檢視外部環境 * 組織必須要分析其外部重要利害關係人的意見、需求和態度。 * STEEP為外部環境分析常用的技術,外部環境的檢視可藉由環境掃描和競爭性情報來協助完成。 * 社會 * 技術 * 經濟 * 生態 * 政治 * 確認機會與威脅 * 評估環境給予組織可利用的機會及可能的威脅。 * 檢視內部環境 * 檢視並評估組織的內部的環境,包括評估本身是否具備核心能力,以及指出組織各部門的能力。 * 有形資源及能力 * 實體資產 * 財務資產 * 服務據點分布等 * 無形資源及能力 * 財務管理能力 * 人力資源 * 聲望資源 * 開發能力 * 確認優勢與劣勢 * 管理者除分析組織內部的優、劣勢外,也要能瞭解這些優、劣勢可能對組織造成何種影響。 * 再評估組織的使命與目的 * 在完成SWOT分析並確認組織的機會後,組織須重新評估其使命和目的。 * 形成策略 * 管理者必須要能夠發展和評估替代性策略,並在各個層級選出一套適合的策略。 * 進攻策略(SO):發揮優勢、善用機會。 * 補強策略(ST):動員優勢、避免威脅。 * 轉型策略(WO):把握機會、轉變劣勢。 * 防禦策略(WT):維持現況、降低威脅。 * 執行策略 * 高階主管必須能激發組織的中階和低階主管執行該計畫之動力與士氣。 * 監督與評估結果 * 監督與評估階段須考量的面向如:策略至目前是否有效?有無任何策略要做調整? ### 策略領導 * 策略領導的意涵 * 策略領導(strategicleadership)是一種能力,能夠預測、保持彈性、策略思考、以及在組織中與他人合作並發動改變,為組織創造有價值的未來。 * 管理者必須具備策略靈活度的能力:確認外在環境變化、快速投入資源、以及認清策略是否可行的能力。 * 策略領導的作為 * 決定組織的目的或願景 * 開發並維持組織的核心競爭力 * 發展組織的人力資本 * 創造並支持組織強勢文化 * 建立並維持組織關係 * 提出尖銳問題並質疑基本假設來挑戰主流看法 * 重視組織道德決策與行為 * 適當建立平衡的組織控制

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