神奇皓陽
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    --- type: slide title: 生物報告_EDCs description: 30720薛皓陽 slideOptions: theme: beige transition: slide --- # 環境荷爾蒙 ### 內分泌干擾素 ##### (endocrine disrupting chemical),簡稱EDCs Note: 目前已知有多達 70 種化學物質被列為環境荷爾蒙 主要包括農藥殺蟲劑(如 DTT)、工業產品(如多氯聯苯 PCB)、塑化劑(如鄰二甲苯類)、金屬污染物(如甲基汞、鉛)、其他化學副產物(如戴奧辛)等 --- ### 構類似人體荷爾蒙 ### 可擾亂內分泌的人工合成化學物質 就像正常的激素 只要極少量的環境荷爾蒙就能在生物體中造成影響 Note: 某些荷爾蒙僅需極少量就可以對生物體有影響,尤其胎兒與嬰幼兒的發育成長皆倚賴荷爾蒙調控,因此使環境荷爾蒙顯得更加危險、須被眾人瞭解與注意 ---- ### 為什麼會有環境荷爾蒙? Note: 由於化學物質處理不當,例如使用危害環境的農藥、未妥善處理汙水、塑膠製品不當加熱等因素 導致有害人體的物質進入空氣、土壤、溪水、湖水、海洋等環境中 這些物質可能透過飲水、接觸、飲食、呼吸等方式,回到人體或其他生物體內 簡單來說,環境荷爾蒙可能存在日常生活的各個角落 ---- ### 環境荷爾蒙對健康有什麼影響? Note: 環境荷爾蒙對於人類的影響包括可能會造成乳癌、子宮內膜異常增生、前列腺癌、睪丸癌、不正常性發育、降低生殖力、腦下垂體及甲狀腺功能異常等 ---- ### 環境荷爾蒙有哪些? Note: 目前已知的環境荷爾蒙至少有70種,其中有超過40種為農藥,例如除草劑、殺蟲劑、殺菌劑等 許多環境荷爾蒙也和食安問題有關,人們往往不知不覺吃下有害物質,造成無法挽救的後果 --- ### 世紀之毒 #### 戴奧辛 Note: 一般常說的"戴奧辛"是一整群多達210種化合物的總稱,包括75種多氯聯苯戴奧辛(PCDDs)與135種多氯二聯苯呋喃(PCDFs) 以最有名的橙劑中最毒的成分--2,3,7,8-四氯雙苯環戴奧辛--為例 其進入人體後將誘導δ-胺基乙醯丙酸合酶(ALAS)的產生,為血紅素合成的限速酶 過多的ALAS會破壞細胞組織,並可能表現出類似卟啉症的病徵 戴奧辛可以誘導淋巴細胞凋亡,抑制殺傷性T細胞的產生並促進免疫抑制因子的高度表達,引起免疫系統調節功能障礙 或侵入DNA分子,誘發突變,具有致畸與致癌作用 ---- ### DDT #### 雙對氯苯基三氯乙烷(Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane) Note: DDT雖然對人類毒性較低,曾經是最著名的合成農藥和殺蟲劑 然而後來發現DDT不易降解,積累下來對魚類和鳥類生存繁殖不利,破壞生態平衡 在世界大部分地區已經停止使用DDT,只有少數地區還繼續使用以對抗瘧疾 世界衞生組織WHO界定為二級致癌物。 DDT具有中等的急性毒性,從半數致死量的角度來看DDT對溫血動物的毒性是相當低的 但是問題在於,DDT以及其主要代謝產物DDE,由於具有較高的親脂性,因此容易在動物脂肪中積累,造成長期毒性 此外,DDT還具有潛在的基因毒性、內分泌干擾作用和致癌性,也可能造成包括糖尿病在內的多種疾病 並且DDE也是一種抗雄激素。 --- ### 避免環境賀爾蒙 - 化學毒物雖為脂溶性,但並非完全不溶於水,只是隨水排出量低,多喝水對排毒仍有助益 - 飲食均衡,不挑食,分散受污染風險 - 海鮮是環境荷爾蒙的重要來源,食物鏈愈上層的魚如鯊魚、旗魚等大體積魚類,體內毒性多;反之,食物鏈下層的魚,體積較小,毒物累積較少 Note: (可能過時資料,隨機應變) 不吃標示不完全的食品 脂肪含量高的食品盡量少吃 吃新鮮、不經加工(如醃漬、油炸)食物,減少肝臟負擔 飲食均衡,不挑食,分散受污染風險 化學毒物雖為脂溶性,但並非完全不溶於水,只是隨水排出量低,多喝水對排毒仍有助益 劇烈運動排汗,會排出較高量的毒物 加強身體抗氧化能力,多吃蔬菜、水果及補充綜合維他命,吃蔬菜、水果也以多樣化為原則 海鮮是環境荷爾蒙的重要來源,食物鏈愈上層的魚如鯊魚、旗魚等大體積魚類,體內毒性多;反之,食物鏈下層的魚,體積較小,毒物累積較少 深海、遠洋魚較養殖魚乾淨,某些養殖魚飼料中添加豬油,其中戴奧辛含量高 魚的內臟、脂肪毒性含量比魚肉高,少吃魚腸、魚卵、魚肝 乾洗衣物: 乾洗溶劑中含過氯乙烯,是致癌物質 不要急著將乾洗衣物掛回衣櫥,最好放在戶外通風處,減少衣服殘留的化學物質 家具、裝潢建材: 含甲醛做為烤漆、上光的原料,會造成咳嗽、眼睛灼熱、皮膚過敏,高濃度甲醛會致癌 愈新的建材,甲醛濃度愈高 住家愈通風,室內甲醛愈不易累積 母乳: 哺餵母乳好處多多,不僅可以增進母子關係,還可給予嬰兒重要的免疫保護與促進發育的物質 但哺餵母乳會讓嬰兒接受一定程度的毒物,授乳階段的嬰兒攝取毒物劑量是成人每日暴露量的十到四十倍 準媽媽在懷孕之前,最好嚴格篩選飲食,先排除母親身體內的毒素 碗裝泡麵容器: 聚苯乙烯材質,廠商加入酸化防止劑BHT作為安定劑 BHT是致癌物質之一,會引起肝臟肥大、染色體異常和降低繁殖機率 塑膠玩具、塑膠奶瓶、保鮮膜: 注意是否為柔軟材質,添加了可塑劑,應該避免兒童放入口中,會溶出可塑劑中的有害物質,增加男性精子減少及女性罹患乳癌的機會 不要把塑膠容器放進微波爐加熱,加熱食物上也不要覆蓋保鮮膜 洗衣精、洗潔精或浴廁用清潔劑: 注意其成分標示是否為「非離子界面活性劑」,排入水中分解後會產生壬基苯酚,其結構近似雌性荷爾蒙,會降低人體攝護腺對男性荷爾蒙的代謝,對男性生殖力造成威脅 奶粉罐的金屬內壁塗料: 含雙酚A,對成長中的幼兒內分泌系統、免疫系統和神經系統,有不良作用 嬰兒大豆配方奶: 含植物雌激素,是天然雌激素的一萬三千倍至二萬二千倍,可能影響性器官發育 老舊住宅的自來水鉛管: 鉛污染的主要來源,若使用熱水管的水沖泡奶粉,嬰兒食入過多的鉛會導致智力低下 陶製品: 確定是否通過含鉛量測試 攝取足夠的鐵質和鈣質,可以避免鉛被吸入體內 油漆顏料: 含有三百種以上的有毒化學物,其中一半以上是潛在致癌物,譬如水性顏料中含有汞,剝落油漆中含有鉛 地毯: 新地毯含甲醛、苯乙烯等有害化學物質 免洗筷: 市售有九成殘留二氧化硫,而二氧化硫與口水接觸後,可能產生亞硫酸鹽等物質,已被推斷是引發氣喘的原因之一 保麗龍免洗餐具: 耐熱程度只能維持在攝氏七五至九五度之間,若超過此溫度,會釋出苯乙烯、對-壬基苯酚、雙酚A和鄰苯二甲酸乙基己及酯(DEHP)等四種環境荷爾蒙 --- ## 謝謝大家

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