Qipeng Guo
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    讨论 2020-01-06 = ###### tags: `tutorials` `Fudan` `2020` # 文本中的结构 (二) 大量参照 https://cl.lingfil.uu.se/~sara/kurser/5LN455-2014/lectures/5LN455-F7.pdf, http://ivan-titov.org/teaching/nlp1-15/nlp1-l9.pdf ,对于文本结构的研究和教程数不胜数,本文只起抛砖引玉之用。 <!--- ## 如何求解依存树 ![](https://i.imgur.com/vyCHTSE.png) ---> ### 生成树问题 首先,句法树是一棵树,而我们的要通过某种方法来构建这个树,一种很自然的方法是从两个节点的关系,也就是一条边入手,假如我们对任意两个节点之间都有一个权重,那么构造树的问题就是属于生成树问题。 给定一个图G(V,E),目标是选出一些边构成子图G',且G'包含所有V中节点,G'是一棵树。假如我们要求边权最小,那就是最小生成树。在句法树中,我们求解的还是有向图。 ### Projective 假如一棵树的节点可以通过一种固定的访问方式(称为遍历不准确)和原句的语序一样,那就是projective,否则就是non-projective。当然很多现有文献主要讨论了交叉边问题,实际是等价的,没有交叉边一定有固定访问方式,有的话一定没有。更为直观的做法(熟悉的可以略过这个牵强的解释)是观察一棵树的括号表达式,树总能表达成一个括号表达式(树的集合定义)。上述的固定访问方式在成分树中是中序遍历只取叶节点,而依存树是中序遍历。 下面是一个non-projective的例子,其括号表达式总是和原句语序不符。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/4LV7QlA.png) 大家可以尝试一下 ### 动态规划 今天介绍的三种方法(CYK算铺垫)都是动态规划算法,也都是在Projective假设下的。 简断截说,动态规划总有一个状态表,一个转移方程(带边界条件)。其结果是总能把一个问题分成其他的问题再求解(一个状态可以从其他状态转移而来)。 ### CYK Algorithm 这里只讲最原始的CYK,用来检测一个输入字符串是否符合一段给定的CNF(标准的上下文无关文法,见上次讲义)。 一个长度为n的字符串输入,non-terminal数量为r的语法,其状态表为(n,n,r),前两维表示一段连续区间,r表示是哪种non-terminal。 \begin{gather} D[i,j,k] = \cup_{q,A,B} (D[i,q,A]\cap D[q,j,B]\cap k\rightarrow AB \in Grammar) \end{gather} 初值为non-terminal到terminal对应表,如果最后D[0,n-1]中有一个元素为真,那么输入字符串就是符合相应语法的。 ### Collins Algorithm 假如我们有任意两个元素依存关系的权重$r_{ij}$,其中$r_{ij}$表示$i \rightarrow j$,$r_{ji}$表示 $j \rightarrow i$。 Collins算法定义的状态表为(n,n,n),其含义为(start,end,head),即一段区间(st,ed)的head是h的情况。显然,转移方程如下 \begin{gather} D[st,ed,hl] = \max_{q,hr} (D[st,q,hl]+D[q,ed,hr]+r_{hl,hr}) \\ D[st,ed,hr] = \max_{q,hl}(D[st,q,hl]+D[q,ed,hr]+r_{hr,hl}) \end{gather} 见板书 ### Eisner Algorithm Eisner算法和Collins目标一致,但使用了更好的状态设计,所以复杂度更低,状态表为(n,n,2,2),即(start,end, is start a head or end a head, end at interval or boundary),Eisner规定head节点一定是区间的左端点或右端点,第三维就是表示这个信息的,同时带来的问题是head确定在了端点,但另一边仍不确定,即head指向的是不是另一个端点,用第四维表示。 \begin{gather} D[st,ed,\rightarrow,true] = \max_{q}(D[st,q,\rightarrow,false]+D[q+1,ed,\leftarrow,false])+r_{st,ed} \\ D[st,ed,\leftarrow,true] = \max_{q}(D[st,q,\rightarrow,false]+D[q+1,ed,\leftarrow,false])+r_{ed,st} \\ D[st,ed,\rightarrow,false] = \max_{q}(D[st,q,\rightarrow,false]+D[q,ed,\rightarrow,true]) \\ D[st,ed,\leftarrow,false] = \max_{q}(D[st,q,\leftarrow,true]+D[q,ed,\leftarrow,false]) \\ \end{gather} ### 一些问题 - Non-Projective 怎么解? - 上述所有$r_{ij}$都是独立的,如果$r$内部有联系怎么办 ### 朱刘算法(下次讲) ### Transition-Based(下次讲)

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