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# 2023-10-24 / 2023-10-31 問答簡記 ## 2022 年下半產業狀況 * [Meta 面臨史上最大裁員潮](https://technews.tw/2022/11/13/meta-mark-zuckerberg-layoffs/): 宣布大規模裁員超過 1.1 萬人,約占總員工 13%,幾乎是 Twitter 裁員人數 3 倍 * [Amazon 史上最大規模裁員 預計資遣 1 萬人](https://news.pts.org.tw/article/609365): 資遣的人數約為 1 萬人,佔 Amazon 公司約 3% * [晶片,寒冬靜悄悄](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU1MzQ1NDk3MQ==&mid=2247550676&idx=1&sn=e97255bb5b38aeed60b04b95d93b48ad) * [取代南灣的南灘](https://www.facebook.com/icjan/posts/pfbid02rU6ysBZUmb3qaAw6mtPkxQtJUgRPMQV2K9puaWyvuxavLP96eWdnH4oLr8jbBTE6l) ## 用數學賺錢 * [如何將高頻交易從股市帶進加密貨幣?](https://youtu.be/2E7F9PqPuBw) * 美國知名財經作家 Michael Lewis 在幾年前寫過一本講華爾街高頻交易員的故事,書名是Flash Boys(中文版由早安財經出版) * 他們利用演算法設定交易條件,鎖定研究好的股票,再來就是透過高速網路傳輸,爭取哪怕是比別人快百萬分之一秒的時間提前下單完成交易。為了網速夠快,甚至不惜花千萬到上億美金,鏟平ㄧ座會讓線路得繞過去的小山坡或建築,就為了把光纖拉直,爭取速度快幾奈秒。 * 這群 flash boys 和股票高頻交易的概念,三年前被台灣ㄧ家新創應用到加密貨幣交易上,ㄧ樣用 AI 協助演算、ㄧ樣透過累積大量交易達到機率上設定的穫利,但是不用拉光纖,而是在雲端業者的機房當中進行。這類似ㄧ種降維打擊,把股市已成熟的操作用在相比交易量小很多的加密貨幣交易上,也創造一個時間差的機會窗口。 ## IC 設計市場 [Qualcomm's QCT (semiconductor) division outpowered QTL (licensing)](https://twitter.com/SKundojjala/status/1607385655000301569) > ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJUhD4Ptj.png) 雖然手機相關晶片業務仍有顯著成長,但 Qualcomm 手機業務營收出現趨緩,技術授權業務依然是 Qualcomm 目前重要營收來源。 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkXnfDwYj.png) 依據 Qualcomm 在 2022 年第四季[財報](https://investor.qualcomm.com/),總營收同比增長 22% 至 113.9 億美元,調整後每股盈餘為 3.13 美元。公司已開始停止招聘,同時也準備在必要時刻降低營運支出。 2022 年第三季全球前十大 IC 設計業者營收依序為: 1. Qualcomm 2. Broadcom 3. NVIDIA 4. AMD 5. MediaTek 6. Marvell 7. Realtek 8. Novatek 9. [Cirrus Logic](https://www.cirrus.com/) 10. Will Semiconductor > [來源](https://www.trendforce.com.tw/presscenter/news/20221215-11499.html) [Cirrus Logic Completes Acquisition of Wolfson Microelectronics](https://investor.cirrus.com/news-and-events/investor-news/news-details/2014/Cirrus-Logic-Completes-Acquisition-of-Wolfson-Microelectronics/default.aspx) Will Semiconductor (韋爾半導體) 來自中國資本,對照 [OmniVision Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmniVision_Technologies) > 2018/2019: Will Semiconductor acquired OmniVision Technologies (for $2.178 billion) and SuperPix Micro Technology, merging them to form Omnivision Group. 2023 年排名 (第一季) : [出處](https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20230620-11725.html) 1. Qualcomm 7,962 23.5% 2. Broadcom 6,908 20.4% 3. Nvidia 6,732 19.9% 4. AMD 5,353 15.8% 5. MediaTek 3,147 9.3% 6. Marvell 1,354 4% 7. Novatek 791 2.3% 8. Realtek 646 1.9% 9. WillSemi 539 1.6% 10. MPS 451 1.3% > MPS (芯源系統有限公司) > [第二季全球前十大 IC 設計營收季增 12.5%](https://finance.technews.tw/2023/09/21/top10-ic-design-2023q2/) $\to$ [Integrated circuit (IC) design companies revenue worldwide from 2017 to 2023, by quarter](https://www.statista.com/statistics/946425/worldwide-fabless-integrated-circuit-design-houses/) ## [System Design Course](https://github.com/karanpratapsingh/system-design) > System design helps us define a solution that meets the business requirements. It is one of the earliest decisions we can make when building a system. Often it is essential to think from a high level as these decisions are very difficult to correct later. It also makes it easier to reason about and manage architectural changes as the system evolves. * [圖解電腦技術用語和概念](https://github.com/xiaolincoder/CS-Base) * [略懂系統設計面試](https://youtu.be/Y93BGebBwEE) * [刷題面試:資料結構、演算法之概念與準備方向](https://youtu.be/sAjkAz75jis) ## Content Delivery Network (CDN) [the benefits of CDN](https://twitter.com/alexxubyte/status/1597635214565466112), including: - Improving latency - Reducing bandwidth - Increasing content availability - DDoS protection ## B+ Trees Implement in SQL 以下圖例以 5-way 為例(一棵樹的每個節點的度數小於等於 5) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyfqJo7Di.png =70%x) B+ Trees 將所有資料(Data)存在 leaf node 上,leaf node 之外的 node 只會儲存 key 供索引,且每個 leaf node 會直接接到下一個 leaf node,可以利用類似 Binary Search Tree 的方式去搜尋目標值。 因為 B+ 將 leaf node 串接了,所以可以僅一次的搜尋就做到範圍查詢,以上圖為例,要搜尋 key 介於 5~16 之間的 Data,僅需搜尋下限 key = 5,並利用 leaf node 之間的 pointer 就可以將 5、6、7、9、12、16 這些目標找出。 對於硬碟來說,每個區塊大小固定,且 B+ Tree 的非葉節點只須儲存指標(Key),當 Data 所需空間很大時並不影響非葉節點,所以可增加(相較於 B Tree)每個 node 的指標數量,以減少 I/O 次數,因此被應用在 MySQL 的 InnoDB 中。 - 深入閱讀 - [資料庫層的核心 - 索引結構演化論 B+樹](https://ithelp.ithome.com.tw/articles/10221111) ## 模擬面試檢討 * [面試心得](https://hackmd.io/@Xpz2MX78SomsO4mV3ejdqg/B11uF_bW7): 「題目跟 leetcode 的問法不太一樣,都是有一個生活化的描述,然後要你找出答案,我覺得很好的是每一題會告訴你這個題目要求的是甚麼,例如要求時間複雜度 $O(n log n)$ 且空間複雜度 $O(n)$,或是不要求時間複雜度,改為要求答案的正確性。第二點不同的是題目給的測試資料不像leetcode那麼完整,只會給兩個case,這邊就要自己去想有可能會發生甚麼情況,我覺得這是比較難的地方。」 - 直接在 codility 視窗中撰寫程式碼,才會有程式開發紀錄,不少公司不開放上網搜尋答案,網頁查詢參考 API 的部分,會被記錄下來作為綜合評量 - [ ] [史迪奇](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/HyshnB6yT) * [從 $\sqrt{2}$ 的存在談開平方根的快速運算](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/sqrt) - [ ] [失去倪](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/rJ8AJupka) 針對正整數在相鄰敘述進行 mod 10 和 div 10 操作,如何減少運算成本? ```c static void string_number_add(char *b, char *a, char *res, size_t size) { int carry = 0; for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { int temp = (b[i] - '0') + (a[i] - '0') + carry; carry = temp / 10; temp = temp % 10; res[i] = temp + '0'; } } ``` $\to$ 利用除法原理將 mod 10 和 div 10 合併 根據除法原理: $f = g \times Q + r$ * $f$: 被除數 * $g$: 除數 * $Q$: 商 * $r$: 餘數 可以將 mod 10 和 div 10 合併,以此來減少除法的數量。 ```c carry = temp / 10; temp = temp - carry * 10; ``` $\to$ 利用 bitwise operation 來去除除法運算 參考 [Hacker's Delight](http://web.archive.org/web/20180517023231/http://www.hackersdelight.org/divcMore.pdf) 來實作除法。 ### 探討精確度 這裡採用 bitwise operation 來實作除法,因為 $10$ 有包含 $5$ 這個因數,無法完全用 $2$ 的次方項來表示,因此結果會是不準確的。然而,觀察上面的程式碼後可以發現, `temp` 不可能會大於 `19` ,因此只需要考慮 `19`~`0` 的情況即可。 我們的目標是,得到 `temp / 10` 且直到小數點後第一位都是精準的。 這時,我們可以提出一個猜想,假設我們我們目標的最大數是 `n` , `l` 則是比 `n` 還要小的非負整數。那麼假設 $n=ab$ ($a$ 是十位數 b 是個位數),且 $l=cd$ ($c$ 是十位數,$d$ 是個位數),則只要以 $n$ 算出來的除數在 $n$ 除以該除數後在經確度內,則 $l$ 除與該除數仍然會在經確度內。證明如下: 假設 $x$ 是除數, $$ a.b\leq\frac{n}{x}\leq a.b9\\ \Rightarrow\frac{n}{a.b9}\leq x\leq\frac{n}{a.b} $$ 1. 可見 $x$ 的右邊是 $10$,因此一定在精確度內。 2. $x$ 的左邊: $$ c.d\leq l\times\frac{a.b9}{n}\leq c.d9\\ \Rightarrow c.d\leq cd\times\frac{a.b9}{ab}\leq c.d9\\ $$ 1. $cd\times\frac{a.b9}{ab}$ 的左邊顯然成立 2. $cd\times\frac{a.b9}{ab}$ 的右邊: $$ c.d + \frac{0.09cd}{ab}\leq c.d + 0.09 $$ 因為 $ab > cd$ 因此上述式子依然成立。 因此,前述猜想也成立,接下來只需要針對 `19` 來做討論即可。 $$ 1.9\leq \frac{19}{x}\leq 1.99\\ \Rightarrow 9.55\leq x\leq10 $$ 接下來只需要找到這之中可以用除法來表示的除數即可。 ### 找到除數 方法如下,透過 bitwise operation 得到的算式必定是 $\frac{an}{2^N}$ 其中 $N$ 為非負整數, $a$ 正整數。因此只需要透過查看 $2^N$ 再配對適合的 $a$ 即可。 其中, $2^N=128, a=13,\frac{128}{13}\approx9.84$ 便是一個可以使用的解。 #### 實作除法 接著,嘗試透過 bitwise operation 來配對數值。 ```c unsigned d2, d1, d0, q, r; d0 = q & 0b1; d1 = q & 0b11; d2 = q & 0b111; q = ((((temp >> 3) + (temp >> 1) + temp) << 3) + d0 + d1 + d2) >> 7; r = temp - (((q << 2) + q) << 1); ``` 關於這段程式碼,思路如下: 1. 先湊出 $13$: 觀察 $13$ 後可以發現, $13=8+4+1=2^3+2^2+2^0$ ,因此,首先要做的便是,使用 bitwise operation 得到 $\frac{13temp}{8}$ $\frac{temp}{8}+\frac{temp}{2}+temp$ ```c (temp >> 3) + (temp >> 1) + temp ``` 2. 這時會發生一個問題,也就是在 right shift 後,會有部分 bits 被忽略,因此必須將它們另外考慮進來。 ```c d0 = q & 0b1; d1 = q & 0b11; d2 = q & 0b111; ``` 3. 合併步驟 1, 2 ```c ((((temp >> 3) + (temp >> 1) + temp) << 3) + d0 + d1 + d2) ``` 4. 湊出 $128$ ,也就是右移 $7$ bits ```c q = ((((temp >> 3) + (temp >> 1) + temp) << 3) + d0 + d1 + d2) >> 7; ``` 5. mod 10 就是 `temp` 減去 div 10 的結果乘與 $10$ ```c r = temp - (((q << 2) + q) << 1); ``` 其中 `(((q << 2) + q) << 1)` 就是 ($q\times 4 + q)\times2$ 也就是 $10\times q$ 測試結果如下: ```c #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> int main() { for(int n = 0; n <= 19; n++){ unsigned d2, d1, d0, q, r; d0 = q & 0b1; d1 = q & 0b11; d2 = q & 0b111; q = ((((n >> 3) + (n >> 1) + n) << 3) + d0 + d1 + d2) >> 7; r = n - (((q << 2) + q) << 1); printf("q: %d r: %d\n", q, r); } return 0; } ``` 執行結果: ``` q: 0 r: 0 q: 0 r: 1 q: 0 r: 2 q: 0 r: 3 q: 0 r: 4 q: 0 r: 5 q: 0 r: 6 q: 0 r: 7 q: 0 r: 8 q: 0 r: 9 q: 1 r: 0 q: 1 r: 1 q: 1 r: 2 q: 1 r: 3 q: 1 r: 4 q: 1 r: 5 q: 1 r: 6 q: 1 r: 7 q: 1 r: 8 q: 1 r: 9 ``` 結果正確。 可包裝為以下函式: ```c #include <stdint.h> void divmod10(uint32_t in, uint32_t *div, uint32_t *mod) { uint32_t x = (in | 1) - (in >> 2); /* div = in/10 ==> div = 0.75*in/8 */ uint32_t q = (x >> 4) + x; x = q; q = (q >> 8) + x; q = (q >> 8) + x; q = (q >> 8) + x; q = (q >> 8) + x; *div = (q >> 3); *mod = in - ((q & ~0x7) + (*div << 1)); } ``` 使用案例: ```c unsigned div, mod; divmod10(193, &div, &mod); ``` 延伸閱讀: * [Modulus without Division, a tutorial](http://homepage.cs.uiowa.edu/~dwjones/bcd/mod.shtml) - [ ] [路易十四](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/HyVs-dpJT) - [ ] [屎地芬森](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/HJi_5S6y6)

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