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    # 生物的構造與功能 ## 循環系統 1.包含體循環、肺循環、肝門靜脈循環、冠狀循環... 2.功能:物質運輸、維持恆定性 ![image alt](http://wan811018.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/3/0/30303013/2464337_orig.jpg) ### 血液循環的功能 運輸養分、氣體、激素、酵素、代謝廢物、維持體溫和血液酸鹼值穩定、免疫反應(白血球、抗體等...)、凝血(血小板) 有分為閉鎖式循環和開放式循環兩種,**以下介紹為閉鎖式循環** ### 血壓 定義:血流在血管中流動對管壁產生的壓力 常用單位:毫米汞柱(mmHg) 正常情況血管收縮/舒張壓為120/80 ### 血液循環-體循環 是心血管循環系統中,攜帶充氧血離開心臟,進入身體各部位進行氣體交換及運輸養分後,將缺氧血帶回心臟的部分。 1.心臟:血流的動力來源/由橫紋肌構成/有瓣膜防止血液逆流/其一次完整的收縮和舒張稱為"心搏"具有週期性 2.血管 |性質\種類|動脈|靜脈|微血管| |-------|---|---|-----| |特徵|三層,較多平滑肌及彈性纖維|三層,大靜脈具有瓣膜|僅由單層內皮細胞組成,主要負責血液中物質交換功能| |管腔大小|比靜脈小,比微血管大|最大|最小,僅容許一個血球通過| |血壓高低|最高|最低|比動脈小,比靜脈大| |血流動力來源|心搏和血管回彈|骨骼肌收縮和瓣膜|小靜脈和小動脈的壓力| 3.血液 血漿:淡黃色液體/約90%為水8%為血漿蛋白和一部分養分、代謝廢物、激素等.../血漿蛋白為血漿中各種蛋白質的總稱,功能有維持恆定性、凝血、免疫反應等 血球: |性質\種類|紅血球|白血球|血小板| |--------|-----|-----|-----| |形狀|雙凹圓盤狀|通常呈圓球形|不規則| |構造|無細胞核、粒線體|完整的細胞|無核(從巨核細胞上脫落的細胞質小塊,簡單而言大概啥都沒有)| |功能|運輸氧氣、二氧化碳|參與免疫反應|促使傷口血液聚集並凝結成小塊| |數量|約400萬~600萬/ $mm^3$|約5千~1萬/ $mm^3$|約25萬~40萬/ $mm^3$| |壽命|約120天|約數天到數年不整|none| ### 血液循環-肺循環 鄉對於體循環,人體中 右心室經過肺部進行氣體交換再回到左心房的循環 稱為肺循環 1.肺:負責人體氣體交換的器官 ### 淋巴循環 功能: 1.回收流失的體液,使其重新回到血液循環中,維持恆定性。 2.參與免疫反應。 3.運輸小腸吸收的脂肪物質,協助其進入血液循環。 淋巴:血液在微血管流動時,洩出的部份血漿。在組織間流動稱為組織液,在淋巴管內流動稱為淋巴。 淋巴管 1.微淋巴管:開始於細胞間,是一端封閉的盲管。蒐集組織液成為淋巴 2.淋巴管:由微淋管匯集而成,具有瓣膜,負責將淋巴液導引回靜脈並回歸血液循環。動力來源:擠壓、骨骼肌收縮等... 3.淋巴結:淋巴管匯集處有淋巴結的構造,有過濾淋巴和吞噬異物(巨噬細胞)的功能。(內含大量白血球) ## 消化系統 定義:動物用以進食、消化食物、獲取能量和營養、排泄剩餘廢物、殘渣的一组器官,其主要功能為攝食、消化、吸收和排泄。 種類:消化管(有兩個開口)、消化腔(只有一個開口) ...未完... ## 呼吸與排泄 ## 防禦 ## 感應與協調 ## 生殖

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