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    # XV6 A simple, Unix-like Teaching Operating System Chapter 0 --- > [TOC] --- ## Chapter 0 Operating system interfaces (shell) --- - OS 1. 管理多個 Programs 共享一台電腦的資源,使其更有效率。(記憶體) 2. 管理抽象硬體層。(Device.c) 3. 利用短時間的不同 Programs 交換執行達到同時執行。(排程) 4. 提供方式使 Programs件可以交戶作用共享資源或一起工作。(Pipe or MailBox,Semaphone,Mutex) ![](https://i.imgur.com/V71xnB2.png) :::info 補充: [reference][http://finalfrank.pixnet.net/blog/post/27781751-program---process---thread-%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%A5] - Program - 放在二次儲存裝置中,尚沒有被Load到記憶體的一堆Code稱之為「程式」。 (也就是還是死的) - Process - 已經被Load到記憶體中,任何一行Code隨時會被CPU執行,且其宣告的在記憶體的變數的值會隨著需求而不斷變動。稱之為「程序」。(也就是活的Program) - Thread - 在同一個Process底下,有許多自己的分身,就是Thread,中文又翻成執行緒。以往一個Process一次只能做一件事情,因此要一面輸入文字,一面計算字數,這種事情是不可能的。但是有了Thread之後,可以在同一個Process底下,讓輸入文字是一個Thread,計算文字又是另外一個Thread,對CPU來說兩個都是類似一個Process,因此兩個可以同時做。 ::: --- ### Processes and memory - Compare - xv6的Process分兩部份,User Space 和 Kernel Space。 - 與Linux相同利用fork()的方式新增子Process。 - 與Linux不同的地方是xv6都是以root user執行。 --- ### I/O and File descriptors [reference][http://www.study-area.org/cyril/scripts/scripts/node32.html] - 一個程式最基本的會自動開啟三個檔,操作時相對應的代號就是file descriptor, 其實也就是作業系統每次要到的file descriptor,是per process的 - 0 standard input 通常就是鍵盤 - 1 standard output 通常就是螢幕 buffer I/O - 2 standard error 通常就是螢幕 - Shell有10個file descriptor,即0~9。其中0,1,2是stdin,stdout,stderr。3~9通常是給opening file使用,另一種用法用於I/O redirect。(pipe,tee,exec) - Rule: - ``<`` 是input (< == 0<) - ``>`` 是output (> == 1>) - 一些重要的I/O導向: - ``>`` 重新導向並且先把檔案虧空 - ``>>`` 把結果導向並且 append 到檔案後 - ``<`` 重新導向 standard input - ``>&n`` 把 standard out 丟給 file descriptor n - ``<&n`` 從 file descriptor n 拿東西給 standard in - ``>&-`` close standard out - ``<<`` text 把 stanadard in 導向,直到讀到 text 為止。 --- ### Pipes - 當兩個不同的Process要溝通時,我們可以用pipe來達成。簡單來說,pipe就像是一條水管,連接兩個Process,其中一端寫入資料到水管,另一端便可從水管中讀出此資料。 - 這個管線命令『 | 』僅能處理經由前面一個指令傳來的正確資訊,也就是 standard output 的資訊,對於 stdandard error 並沒有直接處理的能力。 - Differences between pipes and temporary files 1. Pipe 會自我清除 2. Pipe 可以傳遞任意長度的Data 3. 管道允許同步,兩個Process可以利用一對Pipe進行兩者訊息傳遞。 --- ### File system - 一個文件就是一個簡單的字節數組,xv6實作目錄為一顆數,根節點是一棵特殊的目錄root。 - 可用指令改變現在目錄 :::warning Meeting 時用 Terminal DEMO 。 :::

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