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    整理中 從肉品嫩化、肉加鹽會嫩(使環境pH遠離等電點,分子斥力增加 更加鬆散)、蛋白霜加醋變挺(加酸使環境ph靠近等電點,分子斥力降低,更加凝固)、麵團加鹽巴提高延展、保水、結構 任何與蛋白質相關的食品處理方式,其源頭都是胺基酸的"等電點" # 關於蛋白質等電點 淺略知識 詳細參考生物化學基礎[6] ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJoEmamBA.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkAxfQSr0.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SyYPLVF3T.png) 通常一個蛋白質是由各種氨基酸組合而成,會帶有正電荷、也有負電荷,這些正、負電荷的淨值,即為此蛋白質所帶的淨電荷;蛋白質的淨電荷可能為正、也可能為負,在某些環境 pH 下蛋白質的淨電荷可能為零,則此 pH 稱為此蛋白質的『等電點』(isoelectric point, pI),一個蛋白質的 pI 通常不會改變 像是雞蛋白的等電點pI 大約是4.5多一些 (蛋白好像也是複合物質,不過多數為Ovalbumin(55%) [2]) 蛋白質有個特性,當環境的pH 大於蛋白質的等電點pI (如雞蛋白的 pI = 4.5,環境(水) pH = 7),則此蛋白質的淨電荷為負,斥力增加,結構較為展開,凝聚度下降 而環境pH越接近蛋白質等電點pI,使得淨電荷越接近0,電荷的斥力就越低,也就是說雞蛋白在環境越接近ph4.5左右的時候,聚合性越好 **這也是為甚麼水波蛋加醋可以幫助定型(靠近等電點增加凝聚),而肉加鹽巴可以增加保水使其水嫩(遠離等電點降低凝聚)** ----- 在料理上的應用: 鹽溶(Salting in)是一種物理現象。當一溶液中同時含有蛋白質和離子化合物,提高離子化合物的濃度可提高該蛋白質的溶解度。 1. 肉接觸到適當濃度的鹽水,鹽融於水中釋出Na+或Cl-離子,而Na水和性較高使得Cl-比較會去結合蛋白質(另一種說法是Cl較容易跟蛋白質結合),導致蛋白質的淨電荷(負電)變多,使蛋白質分子之間的互斥力提高,遠離等電點,使蛋白質結構展開,來增加蛋白質溶解度。 2. 使得蛋白質間比較有空隙容納更多水分子並與之結合。 3. 加上一開始的細胞滲透作用,使溶液從外部滲透進來,最終影響肌肉蛋白的性質,因為保水度提高,雖然加熱收縮導致水分流失,也能增加烹飪後的含水。 所以不限於加鹽,任何能改變等電點的都可以,鹼或是鹽等等 中間感覺還有很多蛋白質的機轉,像是到底怎麼容納更多水分子、如何鍵結等等,且在生化上作用遠不僅如此,但對於做料理來說應該知道有這樣的現象,並能加以應用即可 > Cl-較容易與蛋白質結合的機轉仍有待了解,這種結合的特性可能與蛋白質凝膠有關聯 而醃製鹹蛋黃時似乎是透過鹽析使蛋白質沉澱,來讓蛋黃的油脂聚集[8] ## 小結 - 希望蛋白質擁有**保水、延展**: 使其遠離等電點,往正電或負電遠離都行,但通常加鹼、鹽是比較能接受的 - 希望蛋白質**凝聚、脫水**: 使其靠近等電點,例如一般含水的環境是pH7,打發蛋白時希望其堅挺,可以加酸使靠近等電點增加凝聚,牛奶提煉起司也是同理(當然這只是其中一種方法) ## References [1]豆漿加醋為什麼會結塊?化學解密鹹豆漿之謎 https://pansci.asia/archives/167211 [2]Major egg white allergens https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijam/ijam-1-009table1.html [3] 生物技術核心實驗-蛋白質鹽溶及鹽析: http://juang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/Protein/Purification/P1.htm [4] 肌肉蛋白質的功能特性在肉品加工上的應用: http://www.miobuffer.com.tw/clwm/199501/03.htm [5] 臺灣土雞之肉質特性與加工適用性: http://www.miobuffer.com.tw/clwm/199603/06.htm [6] 生物化學基礎 Biochemistry Basics 2009 年首頁 (第一部份課程 莊榮輝) http://juang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/BCbasics/slide%202007.htm [7]CAS台灣好肉【影響肉的保水性的因素】 https://www.facebook.com/twgoodmeat/photos/a.1410550312537841/1976346835958183 [8]鹹蛋裡的科學 https://www.masters.tw/249664/salted-duck-eggs 還有其他尚未整理... [食品科學](/ryMeAuPdR-y_et0Pz_F1KA)

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