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    # Section 1: 孟德爾遺傳及其擴充 ### 基因科學 * 在科學尚未發達的從前,遺傳學的觀念是由結果間接回推而來的,當人們還不知道 DNA, chromosome, molecule 的存在時,遺傳物質對於他們來說是很抽象的事物。同 時,它也是第一個牽涉到數學(probability, statistic, population genetic)的 biological principle。 * 遺傳學主要在研究遺傳特徵的 genotype(基因型)及 phenotype(表現型)間的關係。 ### Mendelian Inheritance 孟德爾遺傳定律 遺傳學的觀念從 Mendel 的豌豆雜交實驗(1865 年)開始。 * 描述生物特性的遺傳規律,包含兩個定律和一個原則(顯性原則) * 孟德爾第一定律——Segregarion 分離律 * 透過 self-fertilization 自交,篩選、培養出各式各樣的 garden pea 的 pure line 純系(某一特徵之豌豆自交所生的子代的特徵維持一樣)。 * 將各種不同特徵之純系 crossing 雜交,意外得到有一個親代的特徵完全沒有在子代中出現。 ![law of segregation test](https://i.imgur.com/mytBPoG.png) * 孟德爾的實驗觀察中發現,不同特徵之純系雜交後之第一子代F1(heterozygote 異型合子)居然沒有親代(homozygote 同型合子)之一的 green 特徵。 * 同型合子和異型合子的外表相同,但組成的基因型卻不同。 * 再將 F1 **自交** 後得到第二子代F2,發現親代之特徵的雜交結果,外表型比率會趨近於3:1。 * 得出遺傳是透過 particulate 顆粒性的物質達成,這種顆粒後來被命名為 gene 基因。每一種遺傳特性是由成對的遺傳顆粒所負責,也就是 allele 對偶基因。 * 為了解釋為何F1時,兩種親代特徵只會出現一種,孟德爾將遺傳特徵區分為 phenotype 外表型(個體外表所表現出來的遺傳性狀 trait)與 genotype 基因型(可遺傳的特徵,稱為遺傳性狀)。並將成對遺傳顆粒彼此間的關係分成 dominant 顯性以及 recessive 隱性。 * 得出 segregation: 每一對遺傳顆粒會平均的 segregate 分離至 gamete 配子中,配子與配子的結合是隨機的。 * 有性生物在特定器官進行減數分裂產生單倍體細胞(配子),兩性配子結合產生雙倍體細胞(zygote 合子)。以人類為例,兩個單倍體細胞(卵子和精子)結合會形成雙倍體細胞(受精卵)。 * 孟德爾第二定律——Independent assortment 獨立組合律 * 透過 Punnet square 蒲內方格的方式來呈現多變項分析!![Punnet square](https://i.imgur.com/Ocd4EXp.png) * 如果多變項分析時,每一個 trait 都維持原來的顯隱性關係,則兩側的邊際機率會為原來單一雜交時所得到的3:1比例。得出 independent assortment: 不同 trait 之間相互獨立。 * 不過獨立組合律不是真正的「定律」,後面介紹基因聯鎖時會再說明。 ### 顯性關係的變異 有別於古典顯隱性的對應關係,可再多區分為不完全顯性以及共顯性。 * Incomplete dominant 不完全顯性: 兩種對偶基因的特性在異型zygote中都可以表現出來。 * Co-dominant 共顯性:兩種對偶基因的特性同樣程度的表現出來。例如ABO血型中組成AB型的I^A^& I^B^被稱為共顯性。 * 顯隱性與否非絕對的,而是以檢視的表現層級不同而定。以 Sickle cell anemia 鐮刀型貧血症為例,血紅素中 Hb^A^(野生型normal)& Hb^S^(突變型unnornal)可以有不同的顯隱性關係: * 症狀層次(貧血與否):因為只有基因型 Hb^S^Hb^S^的人才會有貧血的症狀,所以Hb^A^相對Hb^S^而言是完全的顯性。 * 血液抹片檢查層次(血球是否呈現鐮刀形):基因型Hb^A^Hb^S^的人之紅血球不像Hb^A^Hb^A^者的紅血球不會變形,若在低氧的情況下(像是加了雙氧水後),就會出現鐮刀形。因此 Hb^A^相對於Hb^S^是不完全顯性。 * 電泳層次(特定蛋白質對應之帶狀位置):由於兩種對偶基因所對應的多胜肽之電泳位置不同,因此Hb^A^相對於Hb^S^是共顯性。 ### 多效性對偶基因 * Lucien Cuenot 1904 研究小白鼠時發現有一種黃毛突變種,發現A^Y^表示為黃毛的對偶基因,A為野生型。就毛色而言A^Y^相對於A是顯性的(只要有一個A^Y^基偶基因就會呈現黃毛);但是就致死性而言A^Y^相對於A是隱性(要A^Y^A^Y^才會致死) * A^Y^這種單一對偶基因有不只一種功能特性,在生物學上稱為 Pleiotropy 多效性。 ### 多重對偶基因 從孟德爾的遺傳研究可衍生出另一種實驗,判定不同的外表特性之間,是否歸屬於同一種基因的不同對偶基因所控制。例如,純系的圓斑花瓣、橢圓斑、無斑點花瓣,這些特性是不是對偶基因所控制的。 透過兩兩配對crossing,若F1, F2外表型分佈符合單一性狀的預測,則可以判定是受同一基因的不同對偶基因所控制。 ### 對偶基因的不相容性 Eg1. 人類的HLA抗原有兩個基因座(HLA-A&HLA-B),如果捐贈者有受贈者沒有的對偶基因,則會出現器官移植後排斥現象。 Eg2. 植物為保有遺傳多樣性,對於碰上和自身遺傳組成類似的配子,不會結果。

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