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    - Book mode: https://hackmd.io/@ncnu-opensource/book [TOC] --- # 遠端連線 ## 遠端連線方式概覽 1. 文字介面明碼: telnet, rsh (remote shell) 等為主,目前非常少用; 2. 文字介面加密傳輸: ssh 為主,已經取代上述的 telnet, rsh 等明碼方式; 3. 圖形介面: Xdmcp, VNC, RDP 等較為常見 ### Telnet - 使用明文來傳輸資料(未加密) - 可利用監聽軟體 (e.g tcpdump ) 的監聽竊取 - 例子: 遠端連線進主機時,需要輸入帳號密碼,若沒有加密,帳號密碼都會被別人看光光 ### SSH - 改善 telnet 不安全的問題 - 使用**非對稱式加密**方式做使用者驗證 :::info **非對稱式加密** 雙方各有一對公私鑰,互換公鑰後用對方的公鑰加密 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryU6cFwgyg.png) ::: #### 驗證方法 - 密碼安全驗證 - 需要知道帳號和密碼,才可以登入遠端主機 - 金鑰安全認證 - 使用者將公鑰放在需要連線的伺服器上 - 用戶端軟體發出請求時,會傳自己的公鑰和其他資訊給伺服器 - 伺服器把以上兩把公鑰進行比較 - 如果兩個密鑰一致,伺服器就用公鑰加密發送 challenge 給用戶端 - 若用戶端成功解開質詢,回傳的資訊是與伺服器中的正確答案是相符的,就允許登入 ## Hash 雜湊函數 ```bash= # MD5 已被證明不夠安全(有方法可以有效的製造 collision),實務上盡量避免使用 md5sum < [file] md5sum fileA.txt fileB.txt fileC.txt > hash.md5 ``` 可以將任意大小的數據轉換成一個二進位 128 位元(16 進位 32 位元) 的固定大小的值 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByxLk5veJl.png) `systemctl` - Stand for System Control - `sudo systemctl status 'service name'`查看 service 狀態 - `sudo systemctl enable 'service name'`啟用自動啟動 service - `sudo systemctl start 'service name'`:啟用服務 service ```bash # 檢查 ssh 服務的狀態 sudo systemctl status ssh ``` `ss` - Stand for Socket Statistics - `-t`:顯示 TCP socket - `-n`:Do not try to resolve service names. 簡單說讓輸出顯示 port number 而不是 service name。例如,如果是 ssh 服務,會顯示 22 而不是 ssh,如果是 http 則是顯示 80。 - `-l`:顯示 listen 中的 socket - `-p`:Show the PID and name of the program to which each socket belongs `ssh` 使用 ssh 連線到遠端主機 - `-p`:指定 port number,ssh 預設使用 port 22,如果遠端主機的 ssh 服務不是跑在 port 22 上,那便可以使用 `-p` 指定 port number - `-v`:verbose,顯示 ssh 建立連線時的詳細訊息。 ```bash # 使用 ssh 登入 localhost ,並執行 ls 指令後退出 ssh username@locahost ls ``` ### 利用公鑰進行無密碼登入 每次使用 ssh 登入要輸入密碼十分麻煩,因此可以使用 key 來自動登入 ssh #### 產生密鑰 ``` # 使用 ed25519 演算法產生密鑰(公鑰與私鑰),產生的密鑰預設會放在 ~/.ssh ssh-keygen -t ed25519 ``` #### 傳送公鑰到遠端主機 1. ssh-copy-id ``` # 使用 ssh-copy-id 傳送公鑰給遠端主機 ssh-copy-id -i 'path_to_your_public_key' [username]@[hostname] ``` 2. 手動複製 將 client .ssh/id_ed25519.pub 的內容加進遠端主機的 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 檔案中 ``` cd ~/.ssh echo 'your_public_key' >> authorized_keys ``` ### 重設 ssh 密鑰 ``` # 刪除 ssh 密鑰相關的設定檔 sudo rm /etc/ssh/ssh_host* # 重新配置設定檔 sudo dpkg-reconfigure openssh-server ``` ### Forward Agent ### ssh 相關設定檔案 - 設定檔中 **#** 為註解,且註解後通常為藍字 - 註解的內容為預設內容 - ssh 相關設定檔案 /etc/ssh/

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