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    # Autonomous Vehicles: Legal Considerations and Dilemmas ## 1. Introduction ![](https://i.imgur.com/zDppkRj.png) 隨著科技的進步,自駕車也慢慢的從科幻小說中走入我們的生活,自駕車可以帶來以下的優點: * 減少酒後駕車 * 避免疲勞駕駛 * 可以安全地提高速度限制,從而縮短旅行時間 * 行動不便者,老年人和兒童等有駕駛困難的人將能夠體驗旅行的自由 * 較少的相關風險,車主的保險費將下降 除了優點之外當然也衍生出了許多的新問題: * 軟體故障比人為錯誤可能引起更嚴重的事故。 * 如果汽車在沒有駕駛員的情況下撞車,那是誰的錯? * 汽車將依賴於位置和用戶訊息的收集,從而引起重大的隱私問題 * 道德困境 接下來的章節將會探討這些問題。 ### 1.1 自駕車的定義 ![](https://i.imgur.com/cLSitMs.png) ## 2. Distribution of Liability ### 2.1 Civil Liability, Negligence and Product Liability * Negligence : a type of tort based on a defendant’s conduct ![](https://i.imgur.com/Q5iSVhY.png) ### 2.2 Autonomous Vehicles and Liability * 生產者應對產品瑕疵所造成的人身傷害和財產損失負責,且索賠人沒有義務去證明生產者有過錯。 * 自駕車的設計、製造、維護商等必須釐清責任歸屬 * 駕駛員必須清楚地了解車輛的操作,必要時接管車輛的控制權 * 保險公司必須針對自駕車設計新的保單 ### 2.3 Limitations of and Gaps in the Current Legal Framework 以歐盟為例,隨著自動駕駛汽車的推出,新型風險的定義與責任歸屬目前尚未在歐盟責任框架中有明確的規範。因此這種法律上的分歧可能導致訴訟增加,與界定責任歸屬的困難。 ### 2.4 Existing Risks: Shift in Liability * 如何在各方(製造商、駕駛員、網路供應商)之間分配風險 * 分配的方式是否隨時間改變 ### 2.5 Product Liability Directive and Motor Insurance Directive * The Product Liability Directive: 生產者與消費者之間的風險分配 * 生產者 : 需要對產品有**瑕疵**負責,但要定義瑕疵是非常困難的。 * 消費者 : 必須承受未知的風險 * 由於自駕車的高科技與整合許多領域的特性,有關部門必須制定相關法律來界定責任歸屬。 * Motor Insurance Directive: 以歐盟為例,汽車必須持有第三方責任險,當對駕駛員以外的人造成損害時用以理賠。以目前法規,自駕車也適用上述規定 ## 3. Ethical Considerations: An Overview ![](https://i.imgur.com/2seOwWj.png) 若自駕車發生事故時,該如何處理,該挽救誰的生命? * 該保護車內的駕駛員還是路人? * 對於生命價值的認定 * 老年人 or 年輕人 * 一群人 or 一個人 ## 4. Cyber Security and Big Data Issues ![](https://i.imgur.com/yYze9vM.png) * Big Data的運用有必要性但強調隱私更是一種核心價值 * 自動駕駛中必須不斷進行通訊,通訊的過程不能保證絕對的安全。 * 車輛上的感測器不斷的收集車輛周圍的資訊,可能造成隱私上的問題。 * 收集的資訊會被如何使用成為了相當重要的議題。 * 該訂定怎樣的法規才能保護使用者的安全和隱私。 ### 4.1 Fair and Lawful Processing * 製造商對於個人資料的使用必須公開透明 * 個人數據只能用於特定,明確和合法的目的 * 盡量最小化資料的收集 ## 5 Insurance Issues 以歐盟為例,當前的法律框架能夠解決汽機車相關的責任和保險問題。但是,現有的規則可能不適用於自動駕駛汽車。以下提出四個常見的問題。 ### 5.1 New Risks Relating to Software Failure * Risks Relating to Software Failure : 自駕車相關的軟體故障所造成的危害,軟體製造商必須承擔責任。 * 怎樣認定軟體的缺陷? * 該向汽車製造商還是軟體開發商求償? * Risks Relating to Network Failure : 自駕車嚴重依賴網路,若因網路故障所造成損害時,該如何界定使用者、汽車製造商、網路供應商的責任。 * Hacking and Cybercrime: 製造商必須提供商品與資料完善的保護,避免第三方入侵所造成的危害。 * Programming Choice: 製造商在程式設計上存在瑕疵,進而導致使用者的危險。 ## 6.台灣自駕車發展狀況 ### 6.1 實驗場域 ![](https://i.imgur.com/P09UkTp.png) ### 6.2 立法院-汽車之自動輔助駕駛系統所涉安全法規研析 * 所涉法規: * 公路法 * 消費者保護法 * 商品標示法 * 道路交通管理處罰條例 * 車輛型式安全審驗管理辦法 * 建議: * 交通部就配備「自動輔助駕駛」系統之進口汽車,應針對其是否符合安全證明書之記載內容,加強查核及管理 * 直轄市或縣(市)主管機關針如認其有危害消費者安全之虞,應命相關業者限期改正、回收、銷燬等。 ### 6.3 交通部 * 國內目前並未開放使用「全自動駕駛」系統 * 駕駛人如因使用「自動輔助駕駛」系統而肇事,仍按車輛之外在表現如超速或未遵行號誌等違規行為,將依道路交通管理處罰條例裁罰。 ## 7. Conclusions 自動駕駛不只能帶來大量的商業機會同時也是未來的趨勢,隨之產生的大量資料也在許多的產業上帶來良好的效應,但相關機構有必須制定對應的法規來解決其所帶來的問題。 * 優點: * 協助改善交通系統 * 有助違規與訴訟上的判定 * 缺點: * 數據包含個人隱私的訊息,並且被不同(製造商、服務供應商等)持有 因應隱私保護所建立的法規 EX: 歐盟GDPR * 一般資料保護規則 (GDPR) 是新的歐洲隱私法,它旨在協調整個歐盟 (EU) 的資料保護法,透過實施單一資料保護法來約束每個成員國。但大多數的雲端供應商都在美國在法規執行上可能會產生問題。但目前如Amazon等企業皆以跟進遵守GDPR * 方法一 : 解釋現有的法律 * 方法二 : 立訂新的法規來規範 --- [1][https://towardsdatascience.com/future-of-cyber-security-for-connected-and-autonomous-vehicles-4c553def6d50] [2][https://axleaddict.com/safety/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Driverless-Cars]

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