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    # 海運知識筆記 ## 名詞介紹 原網址:https://blog.cnyes.com/My/genal/article2174472 ### 常用名詞介紹 | 名詞 | 英文(簡稱) |說明 | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 船公司 | Carrier, Shipping Line | 有自己船的公司 | | 船務代理 | Agent | 一般在所經營的業務範圍內的各地,都會有其分公司,船公司配合的代理為船代 | | 海運承攬運送業 | Freight Forwarder(FWD) | 集運客戶貨物後,向船公司大量出貨 | | 報關行 | Customs Broker | 出口叫報關、進口叫清關,需要由專業證照的報關師向海關申報填寫報關單,多數請報關行代為報關 | | 海關 | Custom(s) House | 任何進出口的貨物都需要向海關報關 | | 結關日 | Cut Off (Closing Date) | 截止收貨日 | | 預計開航日 | Estimate Time of Departure(ETD) | 船預計離港的那一天 | | 預計抵達日 | Estimate Time of Arrive(ETA) | 船預計抵達目的港的那一天 | | 免費倉期 | Free Time | 指的是櫃子免費使用的期間 | | 倉租費 | Demurrage or Storage Charges | 指的就是當櫃子使用超過免費倉期所產生的費用 | | 低硫燃油附加費 | Low Sulphur Surcharge(LSS) | 外藉船舶及航駛國際航線之國藉船舶,進入我國需收低硫燃油費用 | | 裝箱單 | Packing List | 應明確的標示詳細的品名,規格,件數,重量,etc | | 商業發票 | Commercial Invoice | 應明確標示每件物品的離岸價格 | | 提單 | Bill of Lading | 貨物裝船後,運送人發給託運人的憑證 | | 託運人 | Shipper(Shpr) | 委託FWD運送的廠商 | | 收貨人 |Consignee(Cnee) | 收貨人就是進口的廠商,需清關 | | 到貨通知人 | Notify Party | 貨到後通知的人 | | 船名/航次 | Vessel Name/Voy | 每條船不相同的船名/航次就是出勤的代碼 | | 運費預付 | Freight Prepaid(P.P) | 海運費在出口地繳就叫P.P | | 運費到付 | Freight Collect(C.C) | 海運費在進口地繳就叫C.C | | 裝船日 | On Board Date(O/B) | 實際開航日 | | 到貨通知 | Arrive Notice | 船到之前,告知收貨人此票貨快到了 | ### 名詞查詢 POL = Port of Loading 裝貨港 POD = Port of Discharge 卸貨港 POR = Place of Receipt ETD - Estimated time as departure 預定離開時間 ETA - Estimated time as arrival 預定到達時間 Freight PREPAID 運費預付 Freight COLLECT 運費到付 LCL: Less-than Container Load 併櫃 FCL: Full Container Load 整櫃 CFS (Container Freight Station): 集裝貨物集散站 CY (Container Yard): 集裝箱碼頭堆場 LFD(Last Free Date): 到港或是到站之後的最後取貨期限 FDD([Free Detention Date](https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/363101774.html?qbl=relate_question_6):貨櫃提出碼頭後,到空櫃返回碼頭為止 ### 提單 Bill of Lading (B/L) 提單學名為載貨證券 1.貨物裝船後,運送人發給託運人的憑證 2.物權的證明(有價證券)正本提單Original B/L(一般是三張)才具物權,複本不具 3.運送契約之證明 4.用以提貨 > 實務上要換成D/O才能到櫃場提貨 ### 小提單 Delivery Order (D/O) 理論上提單是用以提貨,實際上需要先至運送人那繳費後,在用提單換得D/O,這個動作叫換單,取得D/O之後才能去櫃場提貨。 提單是有價證券,若得以有價證券至櫃場辦理提貨,其風險性太大,依有價證券的性質誰持有舊就屬誰的,為避免有人撿到而欲以提貨產生爭議,故使用D/O提貨,D/O並非有價證券只是憑以提貨的一種單據。 DELIVERY ORDER提貨單,是目的港口提取貨物時需要的憑證,不可以轉讓. 貨物上船之後,由船公司簽發B/L給SHIPPER,SHIPPER將B/L轉給CONSIGNEE,貨物到達港口,CONSIGNEE憑B/L去船公司換取D/O,憑D/O去港口提貨。 二者在貨物提取之前有且只有一個留在貨主手裏,只不過D/O不再是物權憑證,貨主領取D/O之後,說明船公司已經把貨物放給貨主了。 ### [貨櫃運輸作業方式(Shipping term)](http://yamei-foreigntradecenter.blogspot.com/2009/10/shipping-term.html) 主要可分為下列四種方式 1. CY/CY:FCL/FCL(整櫃/整拆): 整個裝,拆作業與船公司無關,船公司只負責運送,由託運人自行裝送至船公司在出口地貨櫃場(CY),貨櫃由船公司運至目的地的貨櫃場(CY),由受貨人自行拆櫃。 2. CY/CFS:FCL/LCL(整裝/分拆): 由託運人自行裝櫃送至船公司在出口地櫃場(CY),船公司隨將貨物運目的地的貨物集散地(CFS),船公司拆櫃後將貨物交給受貨人一同一託運人。 3. CFS/CFS:LCL/LCL(併裝/分拆):由船公司負責貨櫃的裝櫃,在出口地櫃集散地(CFS)接收不同託運人的貨運併櫃,然後運至目的地的貨櫃集散地(CFS),由船公司拆出貨櫃內的貨物交給不同的受貨人。 4. CFS/CY: LCL/FCL: 併裝/整拆: 在出口地的貨櫃集散地(CFS),接收不同託運人的貨物併櫃,由船公司將貨櫃運至目的地貨櫃場(CY),由受貨人自行拆櫃。 FCL=CY,LCL=CFS,歐洲國家慣用FCL,LCL系統,而美日國家則遍採用CY/CFS系統 LCL: Less-than Container Load FCL: Full Container Load CFS (Container Freight Station): 集裝貨物集散站 CY (Container Yard): 集裝箱碼頭堆場 ![](https://i.imgur.com/xdlOJb0.gif) ### [運費條款](https://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/%E8%BF%90%E8%B4%B9%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE) 運費條款是指運費預付(Freight prepaid)或是運費到付(Freight collect)。 運費預付是指班輪公司簽發提單時,托運人必須付清運費及其他相關費用方能取得提單。運費到付是指貨物到達目的港後,收貨人必須付清運費及其他相關費用後,方能提取貨物。 通常付款是... Freight prepaid : 託運人Shipper(Shpr) Freight collect : 收貨人Consignee(Cnee) ### NVOCC V.S. FWD NVOCC是無船公共運送人, 也就是準船公司, 其相關法律責任適用同船公司, 但他們本身沒有船舶, 所以都固定向船公司承租艙位來經營 forwarder貨運承攬運送業, 幫貨主安排貨物的運送, 有點類似中間商, 每次客戶要出貨時, 再向船公司要艙位, 並賺中間的價差, 但隨著服務差異化, 常擴大到也幫忙安排報關拖車等業務 ## 進口流程圖 原網址:http://www.kao-europe.com.tw/knowledge.html ### 海運進口作業流程圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/kke3I03.png) ### 空運進口作業流程圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/OcC408p.png)

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