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    # 模組25 多執行緒溝通(wait()、join()、notify()、notifyAll()) [[模組23]](/@czyue/SkrBq9FEO) 時提到的 `join()` 方法,是一種可以協助控制執行緒順序的方法,正是因為它能讓多執行緒之間彼此溝通。 這個模組將會介紹其他多執行緒間溝通的方法(method): * `wait()` * `notify()` * `notifyAll()` ## 執行緒間通訊(interthread communication) ### 目的 1. 讓執行緒之間互相交談、彼此等待。 2. 使CPU使用更有效率。 ### 方式 1. 透過共同使用的資料(如:`static` 資料)交談。 2. 使用執行緒控制的方法(method),如:[join()](/@czyue/SkrBq9FEO#join)。 3. **於 `synchronized` ([同步化的關鍵字](/@czyue/SJk04st4d#Synchronization(同步化)與-synchronized-關鍵字))的方法內使用 wait()、notify()、notifyAll() 等更細微的溝通機制。** ### 實際應用 在同時有消費者、生產者共用資源的情況下,可避免「生產過剩、不足」或是「消費過剩、不足」的問題。 ## 執行緒之間等待與通知的方法 除了 `join()` ,還有以下 3 個方法: * `wait()` * `notify()` * `notifyAll()` 這些方法在 Object 類別裡被實作成 `final` 方法,所有 Java 類別都可以使用。 :::warning 注意:它們只是 `final` 方法,並不是 `static` 方法,是因為萬物皆物件,而可以直接被所有類別使用。 ::: ### wait() * `void wait()` * `void wait(long timeout)` * `void wait(long timeout, int nanos)`:與前者的差別在於[更精細的控制時間範圍](http://tw.gitbook.net/java/lang/object_wait_nanos.html)。 當一個執行緒(在一個執行緒當中)呼叫 `wait()` 方法時,這個執行緒將會[放棄 monitor 並將 lock 釋出](/@czyue/SJk04st4d#Monitor-與-Lock)給另一個正在[等待](/@czyue/BymG51vQu#執行緒的生命週期(Life-Cycle))進入 monitor 的執行緒,自己則進入**等待執行緒群**(pool)開始等待。 若有設定等待時間,則會等到等待時間結束,或是被另一個進入相同 monitor 的執行緒呼叫的 `notify()` 或 `notifyAll()` 方法所叫醒,而再進入 [ready 狀態](/@czyue/BymG51vQu#執行緒的生命週期(Life-Cycle))。 ### notify() * `void notify()` **隨機**叫醒在相同物件上某一個正在等待的執行緒。 ### notifyAll() * `void notifyAll()` 叫醒在相同物件上**所有**正在等待的執行緒,[priority](/@czyue/SkrBq9FEO#setPriority) 最高者將第一個執行(原則上)。

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