周鈉森
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    ## 人體DNA粗萃取 # 第5組實驗報告 [TOC] ### 一、 實驗目的 生物課進行奇異果DNA粗萃取,想要延伸到人體的細胞。 ### 二、 實驗器材 | | 項目 | 數量 | | - |:---:|:---:| | 1 | NaCl溶液 | 2.5 ml | | 2 | 洗碗精 | 2.5 ml | | 3 | 鳳梨汁 | 2.5 ml | | 4 | 蒸餾水 | 100 ml | | 5 | 冰酒精 | 些許 | | 6 | 酒精 | 些許 | | 7 | 250ml燒杯| 1個 | | 8 | 500ml燒杯| 1個 | | 9 | 滴管 | 1支 | ### 三、 實驗步驟 1. 取蒸餾水漱口5分鐘。 2. 取漱口液50ml 置於燒杯(*250ml*) 中。 3. 加入2.5ml 洗碗精。 4. 加入2.5ml NaCl~(aq)~。 5. 加入2.5ml 鳳梨汁。 6. 持續攪拌約8分鐘。 7. 加入等體積冰酒精。 8. 將白色濃稠物以滴管吸出,並置於酒精中。 :::info * 實驗流程圖 ```flow cond=>condition: 萃取出DNA? e=>end: 成果 op2=>operation: 討論分析 op=>operation: 實驗操作 st=>start: 口腔皮膜DNA粗萃取 wh=>operation: 討論問題 st->op->cond cond(no)->wh->op cond(yes)->op2->e ``` ::: ### 四 實驗結果 #### 先前的奇異果粗萃取 1.奇異果汁加入洗碗精 目的:將磷脂質溶解。 原理:為界面活性劑(含有十二烷基硫酸鈉,俗稱SDS),能破壞脂質膜,包括細胞膜及核膜,使DNA釋出。 ![1](https://i.imgur.com/kvYhmrv.jpg =300x500) [:mag:放大檢視](https://i.imgur.com/kvYhmrv.jpg) ![介面活性劑](https://i.imgur.com/dNxDD5H.png =200x) 2.加入食鹽水溶夜 目的:溶解DNA 原理:為常見的解釋為,鈉離子會和DNA帶輕微負電的磷酸根結合,使DNA溶於食鹽水並凝聚在一起。 ![核酸溶解度](https://i.imgur.com/xKGML7Z.png =300x) ![2](https://i.imgur.com/pH4bmzN.jpg =500x300) [:mag:放大檢視](https://i.imgur.com/pH4bmzN.jpg) 3.加入鳳梨汁 目的:分解蛋白質以純化DNA。 原理:鳳梨汁還有鳳梨酵素,為蛋白分解酶,可分解蛋白質。 ![3](https://i.imgur.com/2ZUMBPV.jpg =300x400) [:mag:放大檢視](https://i.imgur.com/2ZUMBPV.jpg) 4.過濾 目的:去除雜質。 注意!!隔兩層紗布。 ![過篩](https://i.imgur.com/tAjDuCL.jpg =300x400) [:mag:放大檢視](https://i.imgur.com/tAjDuCL.jpg) 5.加入冰酒精 目的:溶解細胞中脂溶性物質,並凝聚析出DNA。 6.取出DNA 用吸管、鑷子、玻棒取出介於溶夜中間層的白色懸浮物到酒精中保存 ![夾取](https://i.imgur.com/r8ckbhu.jpg =400x250) [:mag:放大檢視](https://i.imgur.com/r8ckbhu.jpg) ##### 成品!!! ![成品](https://i.imgur.com/e2mW09n.jpg =400x600) [:mag:放大檢視](https://i.imgur.com/e2mW09n.jpg) #### 人類口腔皮膜粗萃取 步驟和之前一樣,只有少了過濾 ![前](https://i.imgur.com/LPKNVJ2.jpg =300x400) [:mag:放大檢視](https://i.imgur.com/LPKNVJ2.jpg) ![後](https://i.imgur.com/i9xoi0J.jpg =400x600) [:mag:放大檢視](https://i.imgur.com/i9xoi0J.jpg) ### 五 討論 #### 1.為什麼人類口腔皮模細胞DNA較奇異果少? >ANS: >因為奇異果整顆都是細胞,而用漱口的方式不容易將口腔皮膜細胞刮下,故細胞較少。 #### 2.萃取出的DNA會不會參雜鳳梨DNA? >ANS: >會,但含量不多(低於0.5%,其他組幾乎無析出DNA),市售的波羅(鳳梨)蛋白酶多用鳳梨的莖經壓榨、濃縮而成,可使用嫩精、木瓜汁代替。 >![](https://i.imgur.com/30UgtV5.png) #### 3.普通溫度的酒精和冰酒精有何差別? >ANS: >DNA為水溶性分子,不會溶於酒精等有機溶劑,故可在交界處凝聚析出。另外,酒精帶有OH-,若密度越高,隔水效果越好,DNA析出效果也會越好。而常溫下的酒精亦可做實驗,只是冰酒精會有以下幾點好處:(1)抑制核酸水解酶的活性,防止DNA降解。(2)降低分子間的運動,利於凝聚析出。(3)低溫較不會破壞DNA結構,使其斷裂。 ### 六 結論 <!--簡短回應研究目的與經由本實驗而得到的論點--> 1. 口腔皮膜DNA萃取出的含量與漱口時間有關,漱口越久,細胞脫落的量就越多。 2. 萃取出的DNA中有可能帶有Pineapple的DNA,若用波蘿蛋白酶或嫩精取代,就能避免裏頭含有鳳梨DNA。 3. 實驗中亦可使用一般酒精,只是沒有冰酒精佳。 ### 七 參考資料 1. 冰酒精的功用 [https://seniorbio.blogspot.com/2015/08/dna.html](https://seniorbio.blogspot.com/2015/08/dna.html) 2. 廚房實驗室遇見DNA [https://www.ntsec.edu.tw/FileAtt.ashx?id=639](https://www.ntsec.edu.tw/FileAtt.ashx?id=639) 3. DNA粗萃取 [https://www.emaze.com/@AOQCZWFZ](https://www.emaze.com/@AOQCZWFZ) 4. Bromelain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromelain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromelain) 5. Pineapple [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple) 6. 好用的課本 ### 八 隊員貢獻 | 座號 | 姓名 | 貢獻內容 | 貢獻百分比 | | :---: | :---: | :---: |:---:| | 2 | 方宥森 | 拍照、講台語 | 15% | | 7 | 邱暐宸 | 主導奇異果實驗、指揮、編HackMD報告 | 45% | | 23 | 簡恩生 | 主導口腔皮膜實驗、提供口水、編HackMD報告 | 40% |

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