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## 計算機概論Lab-5
##### HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE AND DATA MANIPULATION

<p>https://hackmd.io/@IMOK/Lab5</p>

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<img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryUSIqnJT.jpg" width=400 style="border-radius:1000px;"/>

講師: 賴昱有

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#### 程式語言對於硬體的抽象程度
+ <font size=6>機器語言(低) </font>
* <div style="display:inline-block; font-size:24px; color:black; background-color:white;padding: 7px;border-radius: 10px;"> 0010111010100100 </div>
+ <font size=6> 組合語言</font>
* <div style="display:inline-block; font-size:24px; color:black; background-color:white;padding: 7px;border-radius: 10px;"> MOVE R0, R5 </div>
+ <font size=6> 高級語言(高)</font>
* <div style="display:inline-block; font-size:24px; color:black; background-color:white;padding: 7px;border-radius: 10px;"> int a = 0; </div>

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## 組合語言
<font size =5>通常組成形式為</font>
<div style="display:inline-block; font-size:24px; color:black; background-color:white;padding: 7px;border-radius: 10px;"> 指令 [參數一][, 參數二][, 參數三]</div>
<br>
<font size =5>e.g.</font>
<div style="display:inline-block; font-size:24px; color:black; background-color:white;padding: 7px;border-radius: 10px;"> ADDI R2, R0, R1 </div>

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### 簡單的加法
#### 組合語言:

LOAD R0, [0x60]
LOAD R1, [0x61]
ADDI R2, R0, R1
STORE R2, [0x62]
HALT

#### 對應解釋:

將記憶體 60 中的值 load 到 Register R0 中
將記憶體 61 中的值 load 到 Register R1 中
將 Register R0 及 R1 整數相加後存到 Register R2 中
將 Register R2 的值存回記憶體 62 中
停止

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<img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hk2Gy-9y1x.png" width=700/>

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<img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Skdt1Z9JJx.png" width=300/>

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<img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkXqCe51kl.png" width=200/>

#### Program counter(PC)
<font size=5>address of next instruction</font>
<br>
#### Instruction register(IR)
<font size=5>current instruction</font>

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指令表
僅限於今天會使用到的模擬軟體
實際上的組合語言會有多種不同指令集

R, S, T 皆代表 Register

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| 指令 | 解釋 |
| --------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| LOAD R, [0xXY] | 將記憶體 XY 中的值填入 Register R |
| LOAD R, XY | 將值 XY 填入 Register R |
| STORE R, [0xXY] | 將 Register R 的值存入記憶體 XY 中 |
| MOVE S, R | 將 Register R 的值存入 Register S 中 |
| ADDI R, S, T | 將 Register S 及 T 整數相加後存到 Register R 中 |
| ADDF R, S, T | 將 Register S 及 T 浮點數相加後存到 Register R 中 |
| OR R, S, T | 將 Register S 及 T 做 OR 後存到 Register R 中 |
| AND R, S, T | 將 Register S 及 T 做 AND 後存到 Register R 中 |
| XOR R, S, T | 將 Register S 及 T 做 XOR 後存到 Register R 中 |
| ROR R, X | 將 Register R 中的值 Rotate X 次 |

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| 指令 | 解釋 |
| --------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| JMPEQ R=R0, F | 若 Register R 等於 Register R0 將程式跳到 Flag F |
| HALT | 停止 |
| LOAD R, [S] | 將 Register S 中的值作為記憶體位址並將其中的值填入 Register R<br>e.g. S 中值為 65 就將記憶體 65 中的值填入 R |
| STORE R, [S] | 將 Register S 中的值作為記憶體位址並將 Register R 的值填入其中<br>e.g. S 中值為 65 就將 R 中的值填入記憶體 65 |
| JMPLE R<=R0, XY | 若 Register R 小於等於 Register R0 將程式跳到 Flag F |
| JMP F | 將程式跳到 Flag F |
| DB F | Define Byte |

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### 三種不同的定址方法
- <font size="6">Immediate Addressing</font>
- <font size="6">load R1, 0x64</font>
- <font size="6">Direct Addressing</font>
- <font size="6">load R1, [0x64]</font>
- <font size="6">Indirect Addressing</font>
- <font size="6">load R1, [R5]</font>

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## BRANCHING

<div style="width: 400px; float: left; margin:0px 20px 0px 50px;">
<font size="6">在 C 語言中:</font>
<pre style="font-size: 20px;">
<code>if(...)
do something
else
do another thing
</code>
</pre>
</div>

<div style="width: 400px; float: left; margin: 0px;">
<font size="6">組合語言:</font>
<pre style="font-size: 20px;">
<code>main:
LOAD R0, [0x60]
LOAD R1, [0x61]
JMPEQ R1=R0, equal
JMP noteq
equal:
LOAD R2, [0x62]
ADDI R3, R1, R2
STORE R3, [0x70]
HALT
noteq:
LOAD R2, [0x63]
ADDI R3, R1, R2
STORE R3, [0x70]
HALT
</code>
</pre>

</div>

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## LOOPING

<div style="width: 400px; float: left; margin:0px 20px 0px 50px;">
<font size="6">在 C 語言中:</font>
<pre style="font-size: 20px;">
<code>for(int a = 0; a < 10; a++)
do something
</code>
</pre>
</div>

<div style="width: 400px; float: left; margin: 0px;">
<font size="6">組合語言:</font>
<pre style="font-size: 20px;">
<code>main:
LOAD R0, [0x60]
LOAD R1, 1
LOAD R2, 1
JMP loop
loop:
ADDI R1, R1, R2
JMPLE R1<=R0, loop
JMP out
out:
HALT
</code>
</pre>

</div>

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## 作業網站

作業做完請上傳到 http://140.121.197.13/tutorial
並且注意上傳時間限制、檔名、其他規範

上課時提前做完可以直接給助教 demo 登記
就不需要上傳 demo 過的部分

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## Question 1
<font size=5>
Write a program to compute the <div class="command">XOR</div> value of address <div class="command">0x6C</div>, <div class="command">0x6D</div>, <br>and store the results in address <div class="command">0x6E</div>
</font>

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## Question 2

<font size=5>Write a program to swap the values of memory location of <div class="command">0xA0</div> and <div class="command">0xB0</div>.
</font>

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## Question 3

<font size=5>Fill in the values <div class="command">0x1</div>, <div class="command">0x2</div>, <div class="command">0x3</div>, <div class="command">0x4</div>, <div class="command">0x5</div>, <div class="command">0x6</div>, <div class="command">0x7</div>, <div class="command">0x8</div>, <div class="command">0x9</div>, <div class="command">0xA</div> into the memory location starting from <div class="command">0x50</div>.
Write a assembly program and add the values within the memory locations <div class="command">0x50</div> to <div class="command">0x59</div> and store it into memory location <div class="command">0x40</div>.
</font>

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## Question 4
<font size=5>
Write a program to add the values of 1 to x, <br>where 1 ≤ x ≤ 20. (x can be stored in some register)
</font>

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## Question 5
<font size=5>
For the program below, instead of adding <br>the value of memory address <div class="command">0x6C</div> and <div class="command">0x6D</div>, (<div class="command">0x6C</div> + <div class="command">0x6D</div>),<br> change the program with the available instructions to do subtraction,<br> i.e., <div class="command">0x6C</div> - <div class="command">0x6D</div>.
</font>

load R5, [0x6C]; Load the value of memory address 0x6C into R5
load R6, [0x6D]; Load the value of memory address 0x6D into R6
addi R0, R5, R6; Adds the value of R5 and R6 and store i t in R0
store R0, [0x6E]; Stores the value of R0 to memory address 0x6E
halt

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## Question 6(Hard)
<font size=5>
Write a program to perform bubble sort<br> within the memory locations of <div class="command">0xC0</div> to <div class="command">0xCF</div>.<br> (Requires using <div class="command">load R, [S]</div> and <div class="command">store R, [S]</div>)
</font>

<font size = 5>hint : [bubble sort](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv4qLJcxus8)</font>