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    # 心靈成長-"拖延心理學"摘要分享 #前篇 ###### tags: `讀書心得` `拖延心理學-總集篇` ## 前言 * 拖延,不是時間管理出了問題,而是內心的恐懼在搗蛋 ## 第一部:認識拖延 * 先認清是延後,還是拖延 * 分清現在是忙不過來才「稍後處理」還是「拖延」 * 拖延造成的苦果 * 內在煎熬與外在後果 * 拖延會讓內在感到懊怒、後悔,甚至產生強烈的自責和絕望,有時還會讓旁人眼中可能看不出來有什麼問題,但事實上拖延者只是表面上看來一切無恙,內在卻備受煎熬 * 且有時一直拖延也會成為壓垮外在環境的最後一根稻草 * Ex: * 工作因拖延拖到說了謊,而因欺騙主管遭到解雇 *  解析拖延的流程 * 首先我們將開始拖延到結束時的經歷想法、感受和行為,統整總結為「拖延週期」 * 每個人對於「拖延週期」都有不同的體驗,可能是幾週、幾個月、甚至幾年,但也有可能一切發生的太快,在幾小時內就結束了 * 「拖延週期」的各階段介紹 * 階段一:「這次我會早點開始」 * 從信心滿滿開始感到擔憂 * 階段二:「我得盡快開始」 * 這次想好好完成的想法快要破滅了,逐漸焦慮起來,但離最後期限還有好一段時間,仍然對著順利完成抱著一些希望 * 階段三:「開始想要是不開始,會怎樣」 * 可能會開始意識到 * 「我該早點做的」 * 「我什麼都做了,除了這件事······」 * 「我無法享受任何事情」 * 有時就算做馬上能令人愉悅的活動來分散注意力,但事情還沒做完的陰影卻還是揮之不去,你感受到的歡樂迅速消失,取而代之的是內疚、擔憂或反感 * 「希望沒人發現」 * 因為拖延開始感到慚愧,不希望有人知道你的窘境,所以變得開始躲藏、說謊,來掩飾拖延 * 階段四:「還有時間」 * 雖然感到內疚和慚愧了,但還是抱著一絲希望,等待可能的奇蹟出現 * 階段五:「我有問題」 * 想著別人都能辦到,開始責怪自己「是我的問題......我有問題」,可能開始覺得自己缺少了「自律、勇氣、智慧或運氣」 * 階段六:「最後抉擇,到底要不要做」 * 決定究竟要堅持到底把它做完,還是乾脆棄械投降 * 選擇一:不做 * 我忍不了了,再也承擔不起壓力了,所以直接放棄 * 何苦來哉,再怎麼努力,也無法創造當初想像的結果,所以乾脆放棄 * 選擇二:做 * 這時可能重點不再是你能把事情做的多好,而是你究竟能不能把它完成了 * 階段七:「我再也不拖延了」 * 下定決心發誓「下次一定要早點開始」,但多數人還是會重蹈覆測重新回到階段一 *  知道拖延的週期之後,那我們來看看拖延的根源 *  首先先開始回憶你是從什麼時候開始拖延現象的 *  你可能是從因為開始認知標籤後,而覺得努力與成功距離太遙遠了 *  或也有可能是想因為想反抗而反抗 *  或也可能是因為開始害怕成功或失敗 *  會發現拖延除了是一種「自我保護計策」外,也是源自於你對生活的信念,所以讓我們在下一章開始介紹你是偏向哪種拖延類型吧 ## 第二部:你偏向哪種拖延類型呢? 1. ### 害怕失敗型 *  恐懼失敗,所以用拖延來保持完美 *  對「失敗」的定義太過廣義,認為做了不僅會覺得自己做的那件事失敗,還會覺得自己很失敗 *  用公式表述就是: *  自我價值=能力=表現 * 相當於在說「我表現好,表示我能力強,所以我喜歡我自己;我表現不好,表示我沒能力,所以我覺得自己很糟」 *  所以為了要維持成功,拖延者就透過「拖延」打斷了「能力」與「表現」之間的等號了 ``` 拖 自我價值=能力 ≠ 表現 延 ``` *  這種類型其實也有可能是「適應不良」的完美主義者 *  心理學家認為完美主義分兩種,一種是「適應型」,一種是「適應不良型」 *  適應型的完美主義者自我要求很高,這種如願以償的完美主義,感覺像他個人的人格特質的一部份,也是自尊的基礎 *  而適應不良型的自我要求也很高,但是對自己感到失望 *  你要求的標準和你對個人表現的看法有落差,所以容易批評自我,情緒消沉,自尊低落 *  這時就會衍生出問題,你設定的目標是為了要讓你進步,還是讓你更加沮喪失落? *  這問題其實不再於你的標準有多高,才導致成為適應不良型的完美主義者,而是覺得自己的表現落後標準有多大,那些標準又有多麼不切實際和強人所難,以及你對於自己無法達到目標的批評有多嚴苛 *  當完美主義者變成一種問題時,就可能會出現拖延現象 *  也有可能是覺得平庸惹人嫌 *  對於有些拖延者而言,平庸令人難以忍受,所以希望自己做的每件事都非常出色,但由於人生在世,犯錯與缺陷在所難免,受不了的人就會藉由「拖延」來尋求慰藉了 *  或是有下列幾個想法 *  覺得若是我優秀就不用費吹灰之力就能完成 *  這會導致自己還得非常努力才能解開問題,而對這樣的自己感到相當失望,所以就乾脆拖著不做 * 凡事都要自己來 * 既然無法獨自完成一切,就乾脆先拖延再說 * 總有個正確的方法 * 堅信有個絕對正確的解決方案,而尚未找到前不願意採取任何行動,抱著與其冒著可能選擇錯誤的風險,不如什麼都不做 * 要就全作,不然就不要做 * 這種「非全有即全無的」的態度,會因為很多原因而變得沮喪 * 例如: * 每當沒完成最初設定的"每件事"時 * 沒「確切」照著計劃做事時 * 你覺得做的不錯,但不夠「完美」 * 你覺得做完後自己得到的肯定「不夠」 * 這種情況如果只對完美感到滿意,那就注定會感到失望 *  小結: *  我們應該擁抱「成長心態」而非「固定心態」 *  固定心態: *  固定心態的人會認為智力和才能是與生俱來的,永久固定不變,而唯有成功才能證明我的能力 *  這種心態無法容許任何錯誤,因為錯誤便會是失敗的證據,進而對失敗產生恐懼,導致拖延 *  成長心態: *  成長心態的人會認為能力是可以培養的,只要努力栽培就可以愈來愈聰明,表現也會愈來愈出色 *  是能正向打破上述提到的「自我價值觀等式」的心態 *  透過成長心態看待不完美,把失敗當成改進自己、學習新知的動力,而非致命的打擊 2. ### 害怕成功型 *  每個人都必須為自己的「成功」下定義,這樣內心才能有心滿一足的感覺 *  所以你害怕成功嗎? *  害怕的話可能是因為自己定義的成功與「文化、環境」不相符還可能會被貼上奇特的標籤,所以選擇用「推延」來抵抗壓力,逃避成功 *  也有可能是因為底下的幾種情況 *  認為成功需要付出太多,令人卻步 *  若要成功就要投入許多時間和心力,認為自己達不到那樣的要求,所以還不如透過「拖延」來離成功遠一點比較安全 *  患有承諾恐懼症 *  認為「承諾或成功就像電扶梯,一旦踏上去,不搭到頂是無法退離的」,擔心自己卡在電梯上無法脫身,所以遲遲不敢動作 *  認為「成功很危險,總是有人受傷」 *  當心成功後會應此有人被「批評」或被指為「自私」或「自己為是」所以逃避成功 *  或認為自己本身「不配成功」 *  最常見的是因為「倖存者內疚感」 *  因為只有自己倖存下來,認為自己做了壞事所以要用拖延來懲罰自己,自己不配成功 *  小結: *  成功不是一蹶可幾的,當你開始解決導致你拖延的焦慮不安時,你便會朝目標邁進。 *  當你發現你可以和成功共處時,和發現成功不會為你帶來預想的災難時,你就能更順利地向前邁進了 ## :rocket: 備註 * 下篇繼續接著介紹拖延者的類型以及如何改善的方法 * HackMD 原文連結:https://hackmd.io/L2U8YH-gRj23DLYaJTPZfA

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