ShaoHua Wang
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Versions and GitHub Sync Note Insights Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       owned this note    owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    Subscribed
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Subscribe
    Computing pi === ###### tags: `sysprog-hw` `SIMD` # 作業要求 * 在 GitHub 上 fork [compute-pi](https://github.com/sysprog21/compute-pi),嘗試重現實驗,包含分析輸出 * 注意:要增加圓周率計算過程中迭代的數量,否則時間太短就看不出差異 * 詳閱廖健富提供的[詳盡分析](https://hackpad.com/Hw1-Extcompute_pi-geXUeYjdv1I),研究 error rate 的計算,以及為何思考我們該留意 * 用 [phonebok](/s/S1RVdgza) 提到的 gnuplot 作為 `$ make gencsv` 以外的輸出機制,預期執行 `$ make plot` 後,可透過 gnuplot 產生前述多種實做的效能分析比較圖表 * 可善用 [rayatracing](/s/B1W5AWza) 提到的 OpenMP, software pipelining, 以及 loop unrolling 一類的技巧來加速程式運作 * 詳閱前方 "Wall-clock time vs. CPU time",思考如何精準計算時間 * 除了研究程式以外,請證明 [Leibniz formula for π](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_formula_for_%CF%80),並且找出其他計算圓周率的方法 * 請詳閱[許元杰的共筆](https://embedded2015.hackpad.com/-Ext1-Week-1-5rm31U3BOmh) * 將你的觀察、分析,以及各式效能改善過程,並善用 gnuplot 製圖,紀錄於「[作業區](https://hackmd.io/s/H1B7-hGp)」 ---- # 實作 :::danger 如果在跑`make check`時發現下面的回應`Illegal instruction (core dumped)`代表電腦不支援AVX SIMD,7年前的電腦QQ - Tip: 為甚麼 Linux 在發生 Illegal instruction 後仍然可以繼續執行? CPU 會去捕捉 undefined instruction 然後回應上面的訊息,來做到 exception handler [UD2](http://x86.renejeschke.de/html/file_module_x86_id_318.html) ::: 稍微修改一下 Makefile 就可以避免 AVX 的使用,執行`make check`跑出結果: ``` time ./time_test_baseline N = 400000000 , pi = 3.141593 19.86user 0.01system 0:19.93elapsed 99%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 1640maxresident)k 0inputs+0outputs (0major+81minor)pagefaults 0swaps time ./time_test_openmp_2 N = 400000000 , pi = 3.141593 24.01user 0.11system 0:14.49elapsed 166%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 1648maxresident)k 0inputs+0outputs (0major+86minor)pagefaults 0swaps time ./time_test_openmp_4 N = 400000000 , pi = 3.141593 24.82user 0.17system 0:15.83elapsed 157%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 1628maxresident)k 0inputs+0outputs (0major+87minor)pagefaults 0swaps ``` Makefile 中的 topic gencsv 會決定圖形的取樣個數 ``` gencsv: default for i in `seq 100 5000 1000000`; do \ printf "%d " $$i;\ ./benchmark_clock_gettime $$i; \ done > result_clock_gettime.csv ``` :::info 其中 seq 的用法為: > seq [起始數字] [區間] [終止數字] > eg: >> seq 10 10 100 >> 數值將會是 10 20 30 ... 100 ::: gnuplot script ``` set xlabel 'N' set ylabel 'Time(sec)' set style fill solid set title 'compute_pi time' set term png enhanced font 'Verdana,10' set output 'time.png' plot "result_clock_gettime.csv" using 1:2 title 'baseline' with linespoints, \ "result_clock_gettime.csv" using 1:3 title 'openmp_2' with linespoints, \ "result_clock_gettime.csv" using 1:4 title 'openmp_4' with linespoints ``` 第一次輸出的圖形(25倍時間),可明顯看出資料分佈抖動的很厲害 > 註:我的電腦只有兩個threads,所以OpenMP_2 跟 OpenMP_4才會相同 ![](https://i.imgur.com/8vM8LvC.png) 1. 這邊有陷阱~ 2. 要調整gettime()的時間精度 3. 用信賴區間(Confidence interval)消去極端值 ```c // Baseline clock_gettime(CLOCK_ID, &start); for(i = 0; i < loop; i++) { compute_pi_baseline(N); } clock_gettime(CLOCK_ID, &end); printf("%lf ", (double) (end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec) + (end.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec)/ONE_SEC); ``` > 這段 code 之中的時間其實是跑了25次後的時間長度!( loop = 25 ) ---- 加入信賴區間後 > 只取樣10次資料,抖動還是很大 ![](https://i.imgur.com/paUcLx8.png) ---- > 取樣了100次資料 > ![](https://i.imgur.com/kLY9zlZ.png) ---- > 取樣1000次資料 >![](https://i.imgur.com/PNGqRKH.png) ---- >將X軸取logscale >![](https://i.imgur.com/sqSls1x.png) ---- >Error with log scale (printf精度小數下6位) ![](https://i.imgur.com/meSHBkL.png) ---- >Error with log scale (printf精度小數下15位) >- [ ] 為什麼是取15位?取幾位就夠了? >![](https://i.imgur.com/sVaXZ2A.png) ---- >Error with log scale (printf精度小數下15位)(seq 100 5000 1000000) >![](https://i.imgur.com/VhAI08n.png) :::info 這邊的 avx_unrolling 的誤差是因為 code 之中 ```c for (int i = 0; i <= N - 16; i += 16) { ymm14 = _mm256_set1_pd(i * dt); /*省略中間*/ ymm6 = _mm256_add_pd(ymm6, ymm10); ymm7 = _mm256_add_pd(ymm7, ymm11); ymm8 = _mm256_add_pd(ymm8, ymm12); ymm9 = _mm256_add_pd(ymm9, ymm13); } ``` 此處的 loop 執行一次等同於 baseline 版本執行16次 也因此我們的資料點(seq 100 5000 1000000)都沒有被16整除,導致 pi 的數值有少算的部分,才形成誤差,而 AVX 的版本是因為每個 for loop 只等同於 baseline 版本執行了4次,剛好可以整除資料點,才沒有算錯 ex: N=20,上述迴圈只會執行一次,而導致資料少了20 - 16 = 4筆 ::: ---- >Error with logscale(seq 103 5000 1000000) >![](https://i.imgur.com/1dcQa6G.png) :::info 可以看出當 N 不被4整除時,AVX就會產生誤差 ::: ---- >經過修正後,成功將AVX的pi算回正確值!(seq 103 5000 1000000) >![](https://i.imgur.com/kBQ7UIx.png) ---- >修正AVX-unrolling(seq 103 5000 1000000) >![](https://i.imgur.com/sxalgaY.png) ---- :::success 已將修正後的程式碼推到github上了 ::: # 信賴區間 ## 95%信賴區間 此處的運用,要了解自己的資料是透過取樣去預測母體或者對資料母體作運算,兩者的 95% 信賴區間的算法不同! ### 直接運算母體 - Lower Endpoint = avg(X) − 1.96 * σ - Upper Endpoint = avg(X) + 1.96 * σ - σ 為母體標準差 - n 為樣本資料數 ### 從母體取樣本 - Lower Endpoint = avg(X) − 1.96 * σ/√n - Upper Endpoint = avg(X) + 1.96 * σ/√n - σ 為母體標準差 - n 為樣本資料數 ## 標準差公式 ![](https://i.imgur.com/57AJS6I.png) ---- # 參考資料 - [Leibniz formula for π](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_formula_for_%CF%80) - [積分計算圓周率π](http://book.51cto.com/art/201506/480985.htm) - [AVX SIMD](https://hackpad.com/Hw1-Extcompute_pi-geXUeYjdv1I) - http://sci.tuomastonteri.fi/programming/sse - http://gruntthepeon.free.fr/ssemath/ - https://software.intel.com/sites/landingpage/IntrinsicsGuide/ - [Gnuplot](http://people.duke.edu/~hpgavin/gnuplot.html) - [Confidence Intervals](https://www.maplesoft.com/support/help/Maple/view.aspx?path=MathApps/ConfidenceIntervals) - [sqrt()](https://linux.die.net/man/3/sqrt)

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully