sysprog
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Versions and GitHub Sync Note Insights Sharing URL Help
Menu
Options
Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Owners
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Owners
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       owned this note    owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    Subscribed
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Subscribe
    # Linux 核心專題: 重作 lab0 > 執行人: markarz > [專題解說錄影](https://youtu.be/K_AeLtggJC4) ### Reviewed by `jserv` [markarz/lab0-c](https://github.com/markarz/lab0-c) 尚未依據作業要求,rebase 到最新的 [lab0-c](https://github.com/sysprog21/lab0-c),務必改正。 ### Reviewed by `Mike1117` - 程式碼區塊都沒有註記程式語言,導致可讀性太低 - 在 `q_shuffle` 的實作中,你選擇交換節點中的 `value` 指標,而不是節點本身,這樣做的考量是什麼? ### Reviewed by `liangchingyub` 列點時使用 HACKMD 的「有序清單」功能,正確縮排。 ### Reviewed by `yy214123` 建議中文英文可以加入空白間隔,這樣視覺上比較不會黏在一起。 ### Reviewed by `otischung` > [直覺的判斷 xorshift 的效能會比 c 的 rand() 好](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/Bkh9cEV4xl?stext=7010%3A40%3A0%3A1751429720%3AtTftMw) 請避免使用「直覺」,請嘗試證明兩者之間的 CPU cycle、指令數量、或執行時間相差多少。 >以補上使用 `perf`工具測量的數據。 ### Reviewed by `alexc-313` > 直覺的判斷 xorshift 的效能會比 c 的 rand() 好 使用 perf 驗證效能有發現顯著差異嗎? 如果沒有的話是為什麼呢? >我用perf測試完,我看 cycle 的數量還是有差一些,如果要更名顯的差異需要 queue 的資料有更多筆會越明顯,假設你的 queue 有1000個數字那亂數就要取999次,那每輪的 rand() 和 xorshift() 使用的 cycle 數量一定會有差,所以自然的當我跑越多次我的 cycle 會有更明顯的差別,至於rand()和 xorshift() 差多少cycle這個我可以再做實驗測試證明。 ### Reviewed by `MuChengChen` 請說明 Xorshift 演算法中 $T = (I + L^c)(I + R^b)(I + L^a)$ 如何演變成 `xorshift()` 中的運算 ? >我們可以這樣看$(I+L^C)\vec{a}$ = `a^(a<<c)`這個 $\vec{a}$ 就是數學定義的$seed$ ,`a^(a<<c)` 是程式語法,那 $T$ 的物理意義是產生亂數的核心邏輯,也就是說我的 $\vec{seed} !=0$可以與 $T$ 相乘就會產生亂數。 ### Reviewed by `Hande1004` 文字訊息及程式碼避免用截圖的呈現方式。 ## TODO: 重作 lab0 > 依據[第一份作業](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-lab0/)指示,重新投入,並強化對於亂數、排序演算法和改進、常數時間判定的理論和實務、統計手法、網頁伺服器,以及程式碼品質的議題。 :::danger 注意書寫規範:中英文間用一個半形空白字元區隔 ::: ## 亂數、排序演算法和改進 ### Fisher–Yates shuffle [參考資料](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle#The_modern_algorithm) 演算法運作流程: + 先取 queue 的長度(len) + 開始交換 len-1 的位置和隨機到的數字位置行 swap + len減一 + 2、3步循環做一直做直到len<=1 運作圖示: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkjIksyHge.png) ### 在 qtest 提供新的指令 shuffle :::danger 區分「指令」(instruction) 和「命令」(command)! ::: 要新增`shuffle`指令在 qtest 新增指令,新增指令方法根據[教材](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-lab0/%2F%40sysprog%2Flinux2025-lab0-b)在 qtest 新增 `hello` 指令的方法,在 `qtest.c` 新增一個`do_shuffle`function ,在`console_init()`裡新增指令`ADD_COMMAND(shuffle, "random test", "")`。 ### `do_shuffle` ```C static bool do_shuffle(int argc, char *argv[]) { if (argc != 1) { report(1, "%s takes no arguments", argv[0]); return false; } set_noallocate_mode(true); if (exception_setup(true)) { q_shuffle(current->q); } exception_cancel(); set_noallocate_mode(false); q_show(3); return !error_check(); } ``` `set_noallocate_mode()`:當傳入 true 時會禁止使用 free 和 malloc 的指令,它是為了確保適用者在執行不同功能時不會釋放到鏈結串列也不會在運作時配置新的 heap 空間,那做這個動作是確保我們在下命令時都是對到同一條鏈結串列,避免每次做影響鏈結串列的順序功能時都會產生新的一條鏈結串列。 `exception_setup()`、`exception_cancel()`:[參考教材解釋](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-lab0/%2F%40sysprog%2Flinux2025-lab0-b) ### ` q_shuffle()` ```C void q_shuffle(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || list_empty(head) || list_is_singular(head)) { return; } int len = q_size(head); if (len < 2) { return; } struct list_head *tail_node = head->prev; for (; len > 1; len--) { int random_idx = rand() % len; struct list_head *random_node = head->next; for (int i = 0; i < random_idx; i++) { random_node = random_node->next; } if (random_node != tail_node) { element_t *random_entry = list_entry(random_node, element_t, list); element_t *tail_entry = list_entry(tail_node, element_t, list); char *temp_val = random_entry->value; random_entry->value = tail_entry->value; tail_entry->value = temp_val; } tail_node = tail_node->prev; } } ``` --- ### 驗證Uniform distribution 檢驗虛無假說(Null hypothesis),即某特定事件在樣本中觀察到的頻率分佈與特定理論分佈一致,事件必須是互斥且機率為 1。 如果要 shuffle 三個不同的數字,會出現六種可能的結果,彼此是互斥的,且發生機率加起來為 1。那假設 shuffle 是公平的(六種結果發生的機率相同),並遵守 Uniform distribution,那虛無假說為: + $H_0$(虛無假說): shuffle 的結果發生的機率相同,遵守 Uniform distribution + $H_1$(對立假說): shuffle 的結果發生的機率至少有一個不同 接下來透過 Pearson's chi-squared test 來驗證 shuffle 三個數字的頻率是符合 Uniform distribution: #### 1. 先計算 chi-squared test statistic $X^2$ $$ X^2 = \sum_{i=1}^n {(O_i - E_i)^2 \over E_i} $$ + $X^2$: Pearson's cumulative test statistic + $O_i$: the number of observations of type i + $E_i$: the expected count of type i ``` Expectation: 41666 Observation: {'1234': 41694, '1243': 41533, '1324': 41443, '1342': 41534, '1423': 41916, '1432': 41380, '2134': 41869, '2143': 41547, '2314': 41849, '2341': 41508, '2413': 42131, '2431': 41476, '3124': 41743, '3142': 42016, '3214': 41168, '3241': 41761, '3412': 41568, '3421': 41694, '4123': 42024, '4132': 41707, '4213': 41408, '4231': 41806, '4312': 41608, '4321': 41617} chi square sum: 29.12902606441703 ``` ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyLPnM34gl.png) --- ## shuffle使用Xorshift ### xorshift演算法介紹 [xorshift背後原理參考資料](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5142825_Xorshift_RNGs) [LFSR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear-feedback_shift_register) #### 數學公式邏輯推導 + 想法 希望可以找到一個邏輯運算是可以$1\sim2^n-1$ 不會造成數字分群和每一個數字都能跑到,數字分群意思是假設我這邊有 $1\sim9$的數字我對這些數字都 $mod2$ ,結果就是偶數的數字會分一群奇數會分一群,那就不會是每個都有機會而是只會特定產生某幾組數字,而是希望每個數字都是獨立的都能被獨立產生。 那為什麼不是從 $0$ 開始,因為設定 $0$ 就像 `srand(0)` 一樣她永遠都只會產生 $0$。 + 實作 [Primitive polynomial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_polynomial_(field_theory)) #### 驗證: $$ R = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & \dots & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & \dots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \dots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \dots & 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \qquad L = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & \dots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \dots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & 0 \end{pmatrix} \qquad I = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & \dots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \dots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \dots & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \dots & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} $$ $T = (I + L^c)(I + R^b)(I + L^a)$ + T: The final 32x32 transition matrix。 + I: The 32x32 identity matrix. + L: The 32x32 left-shift matrix. + R: The 32x32 right-shift matrix. + a, b, c: The three shift amounts you input. step1: $T = (I + L^5)(I + R^{17})(I + L^{13})$ $P(z) = \det(T - zI)= z³² + z²⁷ + z²⁶ + z²⁵ + z²⁴ + z²³ + z²² + z²¹ + z²⁰ + z¹⁹ + z¹⁸ + z¹⁷ + z¹⁶ + z¹⁵ + z¹⁴ + z¹³ + z¹² + z¹¹ + z¹⁰ + z⁹ + z⁸ + z⁷ + z⁶ + z⁵ + z⁴ + z³ + z² + z + 1$ step2: 檢查 $P(Z)$ 是否可以拆成兩個多項式,如果不能這步就測試成功並進到step3。 step3: $2^{32}-1 = 4,294,967,295 = 3 × 5 × 17 × 257 × 65537$ 需滿足以下條件 + $P(3)\bmod 3! \neq 0$ + $P(5)\bmod 5! \neq 0$ + $P(17)\bmod17! \neq 0$ + $P(257)\bmod 257! \neq 0$ + $P(65537)\bmod 65537! \neq 0$ `**step2、step3都滿足那他就可以當亂數演算法的位移量**` 圖片裡的數據都能用在`32bits版本的xorshift`來做亂數產生器: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkW0K6-Sge.png) --- 新增`xorshift`指令在qtest新增指令,按照上面新增shuffle指令的步驟一樣 ### ` do_xorshift()` `q_shuffle(current->q);` 改成 `q_xorshift(current->q);`即可 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bkib5AJrlg.png) ### ` xorshift()` 實做邏輯是依造維基百科給的範例程式改寫[參考資料](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorshift) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkqjqLpNeg.png) ```C struct xorshift32_state { uint32_t a; }; static struct xorshift32_state x32_state= { .a = 1 }; uint32_t xorshift(void) { /* Algorithm "xor" from p. 4 of Marsaglia, "Xorshift RNGs" */ uint32_t x = x32_state.a; x ^= x << 13; x ^= x >> 17; x ^= x << 5; x32_state.a = x; return x; } ``` ### ` q_xorshift()` 取隨機數的方法從`rand()`換成`xorshift()` ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJmB30JBex.png) ### 驗證Uniform distribution 驗證方法和上面一樣 [參考教材](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-lab0/%2F%40sysprog%2Flinux2025-lab0-d) ``` Expectation: 41666 Observation: {'1234': 41330, '1243': 41646, '1324': 41489, '1342': 41785, '1423': 41570, '1432': 41748, '2134': 41392, '2143': 41613, '2314': 41782, '2341': 41860, '2413': 41730, '2431': 41862, '3124': 41509, '3142': 41699, '3214': 41862, '3241': 41786, '3412': 41411, '3421': 42183, '4123': 41454, '4132': 41615, '4213': 41611, '4231': 41708, '4312': 41550, '4321': 41805} chi square sum: 20.212979407670524 ``` ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bkk5qwp4eg.png) --- ## `rand()`和`Xorshift()` 比較 [rand()背後原理](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_congruential_generator) 下圖裡rand()的程式由[c99規格書7.20.2.1 page:312](https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1256.pdf)提供 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1ZRhT1Sxl.png) 下圖xorshift(uint32)版本是依[xorshift維基百科資料](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorshift)給的範例程式 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkqjqLpNeg.png) 我們可以從這兩段程式碼可以直覺的判斷xorshift的效能會比c的rand()好,原因是xorshift是用位移運算rand()是用除法相關指令,一般我們說除法相關指令通常都會跑比較多的cycle,所以xorshift為了加速亂數而實做出來的演算法。 ### 使用perf驗證效能: 執行方式: + 先在 lab0-c 建立`xorshift_test.cmd` ``` new it RAND 1000 xorshift free quit ``` + 在Terminal輸入 ``` sudo perf stat -e cycles,instructions ./qtest -f xorshift_test.cmd` ``` 結果: xorshift()版本       ``` Performance counter stats for './qtest -f xorshift_test.cmd': 454,750,468 cycles 821,570,150 instructions # 1.81 insn per cycle 0.099687190 seconds time elapsed 0.074281000 seconds user 0.036938000 seconds sys ``` rand()版本 ``` Performance counter stats for './qtest -f shuffle_test.cmd': 455,163,523 cycles 822,829,028 instructions # 1.81 insn per cycle 0.100295716 seconds time elapsed 0.073202000 seconds user 0.038321000 seconds sys ``` | 項目 | xorshift | rand | 差異百分比 | | -------------------- | --------- | ----------- | ---------- | | Cycle(個) | 454,750,468 |455,163,523 | 0.0908%| | 總花費時間大幅(秒) | 0.099687190 | 0.100295716 |0.6104% |  :::danger 注意書寫規範:中英文間用一個半形空白字元區隔 ::: ## TODO: 彙整其他學員的成果 > 紀錄你從其他學員成果獲得的啟發,應適度重現實驗並詳實標注

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully