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    # 偷偷捕捉記憶 心理疾患是全球性的疾病,約影響全世界7.92多億的人。在那之中,因為COVID-19的疫情影響,創傷後壓力症候群(posttraumatic stress disorder,簡稱PTSD)在最近又特別常被拿來討論。PTSD是經由經歷或目睹創傷事件而後被觸發的,一般主流說法是說,造成PTSD的原因是那些令人適應不良的恐懼記憶主導了意識和行為,因此如何消除這些恐懼的記憶,成了治療的重點,相對應的治療方式因應而生。 認知行為治療(Cognitive Behavioural Therapy,簡稱CBT), 是針對改變思想與行為的心理治療。在這邊,常常用到的是長時間暴露治療(prolong exposure therapy,PE)。長時間暴露治療試圖讓患者在安全的環境下,接受創傷相關的刺激,來消除恐懼反應。 Ressler及其團隊結合了複雜的行為方法以及老鼠的標記和操縱技術,證明「偷偷的」重新激活並減輕恐懼記憶是可能的。他們採用比較特別的測試方式,一般而言,Forward conditioning(圖a),都是先讓老鼠受到一聽覺刺激(CS),接著受到電的刺激(US),因此就像「巴甫洛夫的狗」的例子,聲音提示預測了電擊,直接成為會產生恐懼的刺激。而他們運用的方法是Backward conditioning(圖b),提示在電擊後才會出現,提示不再預測電擊,此時環境的影響更大。因此提示變成「間接」影響,提示令人聯想到環境,而環境再讓人聯想到電擊。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/x8saJ2s.png) 圖c說明在Forward conditioning的狀況下,海馬迴並不參與重新激活恐懼記憶;相對的,圖d說明在Backward conditioning,海馬迴則也會受到激活。 因此,Ressler等人嘗試在Backward conditioning(環境→電擊→提示)中,拿掉環境因素,證實這樣確實可以削弱影響。他們測試了蛋白質合成抑製劑雷帕黴素(Rapamycin)是否可以阻止恐懼記憶的再鞏固。若給予雷帕黴素,Forward conditioning的狀況下,恐懼記憶仍保持完整。相反的,若在backward conditioning,其過程需要蛋白質合成,因此使用雷帕黴素即可阻斷恐懼。 Ressler團隊的研究對創傷研究帶來新的看法,藉由間接的方式,偷偷去影響恐懼記憶的穩固性,提供了臨床實驗新的方向。 參考資料: 1. Ressler, R.L., Goode, T.D., Kim, S. et al. Covert capture and attenuation of a hippocampus-dependent fear memory. Nat Neurosci 24, 677–684 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-021-00825-5 2. Milton, A.L. To catch a memory through covert ops. Nat Neurosci 24, 617–619 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-021-00834-4 ###### tags: `神經妙算`

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